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2. Then, lest you should think that in legislating for them he said this, he added: But this I say by way of concession, not by way of commandment. For it was not a primary judgment of authority, but a concession to their incontinence. Wherefore he says: Because of your incontinence. For if you wish to learn Paul's mind, hear what he says: I wish that all men were as I myself am, in continence. So also here, the apostles did not grant it as enforcing a law, but condescending to the Jewish weakness. For if they were enforcing a law, they would not have preached thus to the Jews, and differently to the Gentiles. For if it was necessary for the thing to be done by the unbelievers, it is also acknowledged by all that it had to be done by the believers. But if they legislated for the Gentiles not to be troubled on account of these things, they showed that they also permitted it to the Jews by way of condescension. But the false brethren did not do so, but rather so as to cast them out from grace, and to bring them again under the yoke of bondage. This, then, is the first difference, which has a great deal separating them. And the second is that the apostles did this in Judea, where the law also prevailed, but the false brethren everywhere; for they laid hands on all the Galatians. From which it is clear that the matter was not done for the sake of edification, but of complete subversion. And it was permitted in one way by the apostles, but pursued in another way by the false brethren. Who came in to spy out our liberty which we have in Christ Jesus. Do you see how even by the designation of spies he indicated their hostility? For spies enter for no other reason than, having learned the enemy's situation, to prepare for themselves great facility for plundering and destroying it; just as these men were then doing, wishing to bring them under the old bondage. So from this it is also clear that the purpose of the apostles and of these men was not the same, but exceedingly contrary. For the former made a concession, in order that they might by little and little lead them out of bondage; 61.636 but the latter contrived, in order that they might subject them more to bondage. Therefore they were observing, looking around carefully, and meddling to see who were uncircumcised; just as Paul, indicating this, said, They came in to spy out our liberty; showing their plot not only by the name of spies, but also by the manner of their secret entry and slipping in. To whom we did not yield in subjection, no, not for an hour.

See the nobility and emphasis of the expression. For he did not say, 'in argument,' but, in subjection. For they did not do these things to teach something useful, but to subject and enslave. For this reason we yielded to the apostles, but to these men no longer. That the truth of the Gospel might continue with you. So that what we have already said, he says, we might confirm through our works, that The old things have passed away, and all things have become new, and that, If any one is in Christ, he is a new creation, and that Christ will profit nothing those who are circumcised. Confirming this truth, we did not yield even for an hour. Then, since the actions of the apostles immediately fell against him, and it was likely that some would say: How then do those men command these things? See how he wisely resolves the contradiction. For he does not state the real reason, such as that the apostles did this for the sake of condescension and economy; for the hearers would have been harmed. For those who are going to reap something useful from the economy must be ignorant of its reason; for if the pretext for what is being done should become apparent, the whole thing will be lost. Therefore, the one practicing it ought to know the reason for what is being done; but those who are going to gain something from it, ought to be ignorant. And that I may make what I say clearer, I will use an example from this very subject. This same blessed Paul, who abolishes circumcision, being about at one time to Timothy

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βʹ. Εἶτα ἵνα μὴ νομίσῃς, ὅτι νομοθετῶν αὐτοῖς τοῦτο ἔλεγεν, ἐπήγαγε· Τοῦτο δὲ λέγω κατὰ συγγνώμην, οὐ κατ' ἐπιταγήν. Οὐ γὰρ τῆς αὐθεντίας κρίσις ἦν προηγουμένη, ἀλλὰ τῆς ἐκείνων ἀκρασίας συγγνώμη. ∆ιό φησι· ∆ιὰ τὴν ἀκρασίαν ὑμῶν. Εἰ γὰρ τὴν Παύλου γνώμην θέλεις μαθεῖν, ἄκουσον τί φησι· Θέλω πάντας ἀνθρώπους εἶναι, ὡς καὶ ἐμαυτὸν, ἐν ἐγκρατείᾳ. Οὕτω καὶ ἐνταῦθα, οἱ μὲν ἀπόστολοι οὐχ ὡς νόμον ἐκδικοῦντες, συνεχώρουν, ἀλλὰ τῇ ἀσθενείᾳ τῇ Ἰουδαϊκῇ συγκαταβαίνοντες. Εἰ γὰρ νόμον ἐξεδίκουν, οὐκ ἂν Ἰουδαίοις μὲν οὕτως, ἔθνεσι δὲ ἑτέρως ἐκήρυξαν. Καὶ γὰρ εἰ ὑπὸ τῶν ἀπίστων τὸ πρᾶγμα γενέσθαι ἀναγκαῖον ἦν, καὶ ὑπὸ πάντων εὔδηλον ὅτι τῶν πιστῶν. Εἰ δὲ τοῖς ἔθνεσιν ἐνομοθέτουν μὴ παρενοχλεῖν τούτων ἕνεκεν, ἔδειξαν ὅτι καὶ Ἰουδαίοις συγκαταβαίνοντες ἐπέτρεπον. Οἱ δὲ ψευδάδελφοι οὐχ οὕτως, ἀλλ' ὥστε τῆς χάριτος αὐτοὺς ἐκβαλεῖν, καὶ πάλιν ὑπὸ τὸν τῆς δουλείας ζυγὸν ἀγαγεῖν. Πρώτη μὲν οὖν αὕτη ἡ διαφορὰ, πολὺ τὸ μέσον ἔχουσα. ∆ευτέρα δὲ, ὅτι οἱ μὲν ἀπόστολοι ἐν Ἰουδαίᾳ τοῦτο ἐποίουν, ἔνθα καὶ ὁ νόμος ἐκράτει, οἱ δὲ ψευδάδελφοι πανταχοῦ· καὶ γὰρ Γαλατῶν ἥψαντο πάντων. Ὅθεν δῆλον ὅτι οὐχὶ οἰκοδομῆς ἕνεκεν τὸ πρᾶγμα ἐγίνετο, ἀλλὰ καταστροφῆς ὁλοκλήρου. Καὶ ἑτέρως μὲν παρὰ τῶν ἀποστόλων συνεχωρεῖτο, ἑτέρως δὲ παρὰ τῶν ψευδαδέλφων ἐσπουδάζετο. Οἵτινες παρεισῆλθον κατασκοπῆσαι τὴν ἐλευθερίαν ἡμῶν, ἣν ἔχομεν ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ. Ὁρᾷς πῶς καὶ τῇ τῶν κατασκόπων προσηγορίᾳ ἐδήλωσε τὸν πόλεμον ἐκείνων; Οἱ γὰρ κατάσκοποι δι' οὐδὲν εἰσέρχονται, ἀλλ' ἵνα καταμαθόντες τὰ τῶν ἐναντίων, πρὸς τὸ πορθῆσαι καὶ καθελεῖν πολλὴν ἑαυτοῖς παρασκευάσωσι τὴν εὐκολίαν· καθάπερ καὶ οὗτοι τότε ἐποίουν, ὑπὸ τὴν δουλείαν αὐτοὺς τὴν παλαιὰν εἰσαγαγεῖν βουλόμενοι. Ὥστε κἀντεῦθεν δῆλον, ὅτι οὐχ ἡ αὐτὴ προαίρεσις τῶν ἀποστόλων καὶ τούτων, ἀλλὰ καὶ σφόδρα ἐναντία. Ἐκεῖνοι μὲν γὰρ συνεχώρουν, ἵνα κατὰ μικρὸν ἐξαγάγωσι τῆς δουλείας· 61.636 οὗτοι δὲ κατεσκεύαζον, ἵνα μειζόνως ὑποβάλωσι τῇ δουλείᾳ. ∆ιὸ παρετήρουν περισκοποῦντες ἀκριβῶς, καὶ περιεργαζόμενοι τίνες ἀκρόβυστοι· καθὼς καὶ Παῦλος τοῦτο δηλῶν ἔλεγε, Παρεισῆλθον κατασκοπῆσαι τὴν ἐλευθερίαν ἡμῶν· οὐ τῷ τῶν κατασκόπων ὀνόματι μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῷ τρόπῳ τῆς λαθραίας εἰσόδου καὶ παρεισδύσεως τὴν ἐπιβουλὴν αὐτῶν ἐνδεικνύμενος. Οἷς οὐδὲ πρὸς ὥραν εἴξαμεν τῇ ὑποταγῇ.

Ὅρα λέξεως εὐγένειαν καὶ ἔμφασιν. Οὐ γὰρ εἶπε, Τῷ λόγῳ, ἀλλὰ, Τῇ ὑποταγῇ. Οὐ γὰρ ἵνα τι διδάξωσι χρήσιμον, ταῦτα ἐποίουν, ἀλλ' ἵνα ὑποτάξωσι καὶ δουλώσωνται. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο τοῖς μὲν ἀποστόλοις εἴξαμεν, τούτοις δὲ οὐκέτι. Ἵνα ἡ ἀλήθεια τοῦ Εὐαγγελίου διαμείνῃ πρὸς ὑμᾶς. Ἵν' ὅπερ ἔφθημεν, φησὶν, εἰπόντες, τοῦτο διὰ τῶν ἔργων βεβαιώσωμεν, ὅτι Τὰ ἀρχαῖα παρῆλθε, καὶ γέγονε καινὰ τὰ πάντα, καὶ ὅτι, Εἴ τις ἐν Χριστῷ, καινὴ κτίσις, καὶ ὅτι Τοὺς περιτεμνομένους Χριστὸς οὐδὲν ὠφελήσει. Ταύτην τὴν ἀλήθειαν βεβαιοῦντες, οὐδὲ πρὸς ὥραν εἴξαμεν. Εἶτα ἐπειδὴ εὐθέως ἀντέπιπτεν αὐτῷ τὰ παρὰ τῶν ἀποστόλων, καὶ εἰκὸς ἦν τινας λέγειν· Πῶς οὖν ταῦτα ἐκεῖνοι προστάττουσιν; ὅρα πῶς λύει σοφῶς τὴν ἀντίθεσιν. Οὐ γὰρ λέγει τὴν οὖσαν αἰτίαν, οἷον ὅτι συγκαταβάσεως ἕνεκεν καὶ οἰκονομίας τοῦτο ἐποίουν οἱ ἀπόστολοι· ἢ γὰρ ἂν ἐβλάβησαν οἱ ἀκούοντες. ∆εῖ γὰρ τῆς οἰκονομίας ἀγνοεῖν τὴν αἰτίαν τοὺς μέλλοντάς τι καρποῦσθαι παρ' αὐτῆς χρήσιμον· εἰ γὰρ φανείη τῶν γινομένων ἡ πρόφασις, τὸ πᾶν οἰχήσεται. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο τὸν μὲν ἐργαζόμενον αὐτὴν, εἰδέναι χρὴ τὴν αἰτίαν τῶν γινομένων· τοὺς δὲ μέλλοντάς τι κερδαίνειν παρ' αὐτῆς, ἀγνοεῖν. Καὶ ἵνα σαφέστερον ὃ λέγω ποιήσω, ἐπ' αὐτῆς τῆς ταύτης ὑποθέσεως χρήσομαι τῷ ὑποδείγματι. Οὗτος αὐτὸς ὁ μακάριος Παῦλος ὁ περιτομὴν ἀναιρῶν, μέλλων ποτὲ τὸν Τιμόθεον