worshippers of stones, having learned by deed not to worship senseless matter, being overcome by the need itself, are destroyed by superstition; But though they despise the statues, yet not wishing to seem to despise them utterly, they are confuted by the very gods to whom 4.52.2 the statues are consecrated. For Dionysius the younger tyrant, having stripped the golden cloak from the statue of Zeus in Sicily, commanded a woolen one to be put on him, wittily saying that this was better than the golden one, both lighter in summer 4.52.3 and warmer in winter. And Antiochus of Cyzicus, being in want of money, commanded the golden statue of Zeus, which was fifteen cubits in size, to be melted down, and a statue of other, less valuable material, similar to that one, 4.52.4 gilded with plates, to be set up again. And the swallows and most birds, flying in, defecate upon the very statues, paying no heed to either Olympian Zeus or Epidaurian Asclepius, nor indeed to Athena Polias or Egyptian Sarapis; from which you do not even learn of the insensibility 4.52.5 of the statues. But there are some criminals or attacking enemies, who for the sake of shameful gain have plundered the temples and pillaged the votive offerings or even melted down the statues themselves. 4.52.6 And if some Cambyses or Darius or some other madman attempted such things, and if someone killed the Egyptian Apis, I laugh, on the one hand, that he killed their god, but I am indignant, on the other hand, if he did wrong for the sake of gain. 4.53.1 Willingly, therefore, I will pass over this piece of villainy, considering it a work of avarice, and not a proof of the powerlessness of the idols. But fire and earthquakes are certainly not avaricious, nor indeed do they fear or feel shame before the daemons or the statues, no more than the waves do the pebbles piled up on the shores. 4.53.2 I know a fire that confutes and cures superstition; if you wish to cease from folly, the fire will give you light. This fire both burned down the temple in Argos along with the priestess Chrysis, and the one of Artemis in Ephesus, for the second time after the Amazons, and has often swept over the Capitol in Rome; nor did it abstain 4.53.3 from the temple of Sarapis in the city of the Alexandrians. For in Athens it destroyed the temple of Dionysus Eleuthereus, and the one of Apollo in Delphi first a storm seized, then a chastening fire destroyed. This shows you a prelude of what the fire promises. 4.53.4 And do not the makers of the statues shame those of you who are sensible into despising matter? The Athenian Pheidias inscribed on the finger of the Olympian Zeus, "Pantarkes is beautiful"; for not Zeus was beautiful to him, but his beloved was. 4.53.5 And Praxiteles, as Posidippus clarifies in his work On Cnidus, when making the statue of the Cnidian Aphrodite, made it similar to the form of his beloved Cratina, so that the wretched might have the beloved of Praxiteles to worship. 4.53.6 And when Phryne the Thespian courtesan was in her prime, all the painters imitated the beauty of Phryne for their images of Aphrodite, just as, in turn, the stone-carvers in Athens modelled the Hermae after Alcibiades. It remains for your judgment to bring the matter to a conclusion, if you also wish to worship courtesans. 4.54.1 From this, I think, the ancient kings were moved, despising these myths, freely proclaimed themselves gods, since there was no danger from men, thereby teaching that those others also were deified on account of their reputation. Ceyx, the son of Aeolus, was called Zeus by his wife Alcyone, and Alcyone 4.54.2 in turn was addressed as Hera by her husband. Ptolemy the Fourth was called Dionysus; and Mithridates of Pontus was also Dionysus; and Alexander also wished to be thought the son of Ammon and to be represented by the sculptors as horned, hastening to outrage the beautiful face of a man 4.54.3 with a horn. And not only kings, but
λίθων προσκυνηταί, ἔργῳ μαθόντες ἀναίσθητον ὕλην μὴ σέβειν, αὐτῆς ἡττώμενοι τῆς χρείας ἀπόλλυνται ὑπὸ δεισιδαιμονίας· καταφρονοῦντες δ' ὅμως τῶν ἀγαλμάτων, φαίνεσθαι δὲ μὴ βουλόμενοι αὐτῶν ὅλως περιφρονοῦντες, ἐλέγχονται ὑπ' αὐτῶν τῶν θεῶν, οἷς δὴ 4.52.2 τὰ ἀγάλματα ἐπιπεφήμισται. ∆ιονύσιος μὲν γὰρ ὁ τύραννος ὁ νεώτερος θοἰμάτιον τὸ χρύσεον περιελόμενος τοῦ ∆ιὸς ἐν Σικελίᾳ προσέταξεν αὐτῷ ἐρεοῦν περιτεθῆναι, χαριέντως φήσας τοῦτο ἄμεινον εἶναι τοῦ χρυσίου, καὶ θέρους κουφό 4.52.3 τερον καὶ κρύους ἀλεεινότερον. Ἀντίοχος δὲ ὁ Κυζικηνὸς ἀπορούμενος χρημάτων τοῦ ∆ιὸς τὸ ἄγαλμα τὸ χρυσοῦν, πεντεκαίδεκα πηχῶν τὸ μέγεθος ὄν, προσέταξε χωνεῦσαι καὶ τῆς ἄλλης τῆς ἀτιμοτέρας ὕλης ἄγαλμα παραπλήσιον ἐκείνῳ 4.52.4 πετάλοις κεχρυσωμένον ἀναθεῖναι πάλιν. Αἱ δὲ χελιδόνες καὶ τῶν ὀρνέων τὰ πλεῖστα κατεξερῶσιν αὐτῶν τῶν ἀγαλμάτων εἰσπετόμενα, οὐδὲν φροντίσαντα οὔτε Ὀλυμπίου ∆ιὸς οὔτε Ἐπιδαυρίου Ἀσκληπιοῦ οὐδὲ μὴν Ἀθηνᾶς Πολιάδος ἢ Σαράπιδος Αἰγυπτίου· παρ' ὧν οὐδὲ αὐτῶν τὴν ἀναισθησίαν 4.52.5 τῶν ἀγαλμάτων ἐκμανθάνετε. Ἀλλ' εἰσὶ μὲν κακοῦργοί τινες ἢ πολέμιοι ἐπιθέμενοι, οἳ δι' αἰσχροκέρδειαν ἐδῄωσαν τὰ ἱερὰ καὶ τὰ ἀναθήματα ἐσύλησαν ἢ καὶ αὐτὰ ἐχώνευσαν 4.52.6 τὰ ἀγάλματα. Καὶ εἰ Καμβύσης τις ἢ ∆αρεῖος ἢ ἄλλος μαινόμενος τοιαῦτα ἄττα ἐπεχείρησεν καὶ εἰ τὸν Αἰγύπτιόν τις ἀπέκτεινεν Ἆπιν, γελῶ μὲν ὅτι τὸν θεὸν ἀπέκτεινεν αὐτῶν, ἀγανακτῶ δὲ εἰ κέρδους χάριν ἐπλημμέλει. 4.53.1 Ἑκὼν οὖν ἐκλήσομαί τι τῆσδε τῆς κακουργίας, πλεονεξίας ἔργα, οὐχὶ δὲ ἀδρανείας τῶν εἰδώλων ἔλεγχον νομίζων. Ἀλλ' οὔτι γε τὸ πῦρ καὶ οἱ σεισμοὶ κερδαλέοι, οὐδὲ μὴν φοβοῦνται ἢ δυσωποῦνται οὐ τοὺς δαίμονας, οὐ τὰ ἀγάλματα, οὐ μᾶλλον ἢ τὰς ψηφῖδας τὰς παρὰ τοῖς αἰγιαλοῖς 4.53.2 σεσωρευμένας τὰ κύματα. Οἶδα ἐγὼ πῦρ ἐλεγκτικὸν καὶ δεισιδαιμονίας ἰατικόν· εἰ βούλει παύσασθαι τῆς ἀνοίας, φωταγωγήσει σε τὸ πῦρ. Τοῦτο τὸ πῦρ καὶ τὸν ἐν Ἄργει νεὼν σὺν καὶ τῇ ἱερείᾳ κατέφλεξεν Χρυσίδι, καὶ τὸν ἐν Ἐφέσῳ τῆς Ἀρτέμιδος δεύτερον μετὰ Ἀμαζόνας καὶ τὸἐν Ῥώμῃ Καπιτώλιον ἐπινενέμηται πολλάκις· οὐκ ἀπέσχετο 4.53.3 δὲ οὐδὲ τοῦ ἐν Ἀλεξανδρέων πόλει Σαράπιδος ἱεροῦ. Ἀθήνησι γὰρ τοῦ ∆ιονύσου τοῦ Ἐλευθερέως κατήρειψε τὸν νεών, καὶ τὸν ἐν ∆ελφοῖς τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος πρότερον ἥρπασεν θύελλα, ἔπειτα ἠφάνισε πῦρ σωφρονοῦν. Τοῦτό σοι προοίμιον ἐπιδείκνυται ὧν ὑπισχνεῖται τὸ πῦρ. 4.53.4 Οἱ δὲ τῶν ἀγαλμάτων δημιουργοὶ οὐ δυσωποῦσιν ὑμῶν τοὺς ἔμφρονας τῆς ὕλης καταφρονεῖν; Ὁ μὲν Ἀθηναῖος Φειδίας ἐπὶ τῷ δακτύλῳ τοῦ ∆ιὸς τοῦ Ὀλυμπίου ἐπιγράψας "Παντάρκης καλός"· οὐ γὰρ καλὸς αὐτῷ ὁ Ζεύς, ἀλλ' ὁ 4.53.5 ἐρώμενος ἦν· ὁ Πραξιτέλης δέ, ὡς Ποσίδιππος ἐν τῷ περὶ Κνίδου διασαφεῖ, τὸ τῆς Ἀφροδίτης ἄγαλμα τῆς Κνιδίας κατασκευάζων τῷ Κρατίνης τῆς ἐρωμένης εἴδει παραπλήσιον πεποίηκεν αὐτήν, ἵν' ἔχοιεν οἱ δείλαιοι τὴν Πραξιτέλους 4.53.6 ἐρωμένην προσκυνεῖν. Φρύνη δὲ ὁπηνίκα ἤνθει ἡ ἑταίρα ἡ Θεσπιακή, οἱ ζωγράφοι πάντες τῆς Ἀφροδίτης εἰκόνας πρὸς τὸ κάλλος ἀπεμιμοῦντο Φρύνης, ὥσπερ αὖ καὶ οἱ λιθοξόοι τοὺς Ἑρμᾶς Ἀθήνησι πρὸς Ἀλκιβιάδην ἀπείκαζον. Ὑπλείπεται τῆς σῆς κρίσεως τὸ ἔργον ἐπάξαι, εἰ βούλει καὶ τὰς ἑταίρας προσκυνεῖν. 4.54.1 Ἐντεῦθεν, οἶμαι, κινηθέντες οἱ βασιλεῖς οἱ παλαιοί, καταφρονοῦντες τῶν μύθων τούτων, ἀνέδην διὰ τὸ ἐξ ἀνθρώπων ἀκίνδυνον σφᾶς αὐτοὺς θεοὺς ἀνηγόρευον, ταύτῃ κἀκείνους διὰ τὴν δόξαν ἀπηθανατίσθαι διδάσκοντες· Κῆυξ μὲν ὁ Αἰόλου Ζεὺς ὑπὸ τῆς Ἀλκυόνης τῆς γυναικός, Ἀλκυόνη 4.54.2 δὲ αὖθις ὑπὸ τοῦ ἀνδρὸς Ἥρα προσαγορευομένη. Πτολεμαῖος δὲ ὁ τέταρτος ∆ιόνυσος ἐκαλεῖτο· καὶ Μιθριδάτης ὁ Ποντι κὸς ∆ιόνυσος καὶ αὐτός· ἐβούλετο δὲ καὶ Ἀλέξανδρος Ἄμμωνος υἱὸς εἶναι δοκεῖν καὶ κερασφόρος ἀναπλάττεσθαι πρὸς τῶν ἀγαλματοποιῶν, τὸ καλὸν ἀνθρώπου πρόσωπον 4.54.3 ὑβρίσαι σπεύδων κέρατι. Καὶ οὔτι γε βασιλεῖς μόνον, ἀλλὰ