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having subjected the men to punishments, he compelled them to Hellenize; and having taken away their ancestral custom, he set up a statue of Olympian Zeus; and from there he went up to Samaria, and built a sanctuary of Zeus Xenios. And Mattathias, son of Asmonius, took over the priesthood in Jerusalem, and did away with the generals of Antiochus. But he, departing from Samaria *, kills Mattathias himself, and punishes the so-called Maccabees, and desecrates the temple with the blood of swine, and appoints his own generals to rule the nation. And he himself, having gone up to Syria, departs this life, with Antiochus Eupator succeeding to the rule. 59 Ibid.: But when Demetrius, son of Antiochus Epiphanes, who was a hostage among the Romans, learned of his father's death, and that the kingdom had been seized by Eupator, having supplicated the senate and received much assistance, he returns to Syria. And he kills Eupator, who had lived luxuriously for two years, and takes up the kingdom; and having been called an ally of the Roman people, he enjoyed a secure reign. But having lived for twelve years, he is assassinated by Alexander, who also succeeded to the rule. 60 Ibid.: That in Iberia there was a man Borianthes (should be Viriathus), of obscure birth, and humble in occupation, nothing other than a shepherd at first; this man afterwards led a certain band of robbers; finally he acquired so much power, and persuaded so many tribes to join him in his enterprise, that he was considered a worthy opponent for the Romans, and capable of restoring the Iberians to their ancient and ancestral constitution. At any rate, Quintus Caecilius Metellus is sent out first as general for this war, who fought excellently and in a manner worthy of Roman power against the revolted Celtiberians. But as the war was unexpectedly prolonged, Quintus Pompeius sailed out again as general, after whom Quintus Caepio was sent out for the same war. Fearing all these things most of all, the barbarians kill Borianthes, who had fought against the Romans for fourteen years; reasoning that in this way the leader of the Roman army would be brought to goodwill and clemency towards them. And so some of Borianthes' assassins, having arrived, demanded to receive rewards from the consul for what they had done concerning the man. To whom Caepio replies, that it was in no way customary for the Romans to approve of plots undertaken by subjects against their generals. 61 Ibid.: That in the consulship of Gaius Caecilius Metellus and Gnaeus Carbo, in the 167th Olympiad, the Servile War occurred in Sicily. For those inhabiting this country, revelling in a great abundance of provisions, acquired an unmeasured multitude of slaves, and training them for the toils of the fields and exercising them in full armor, they not only plundered their neighbors, but also, setting these slaves upon strangers passing through, they robbed them of the baggage they were carrying. And to the runaway slaves they gave none of the booty, but they themselves, having become masters of much money, madly dominated all of Sicily. At any rate the runaways, compelled by the lack of necessities, and confident in their training with arms, and driven by pure justice, turn their hands against the authors of their troubles, having announced a nocturnal password to the entire slave population, and appointing as king a certain runaway named Eunus, a man foul and villainous by nature and an author of abominable bloodshed. And when this man was named king of that nocturnal madness, he organized the offices of state and appointed very many bodyguards and leaders of the actions. And long ago he had promised these things to his own masters, making monstrous claims; but when he took hold of the destructive power, having gathered more than forty (and) myriads, he kills the masters in their own homes; subjecting some to tortures, and others also against the

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τιμωρίαις τοὺς ἄνδρας ὑποβαλὼν, ἑλληνίζειν ἠνάγκαζε· τόν τε πάτριον αὐτῶν ἀφελόμενος κόσμον, ∆ιὸς Ὀλυμπίου ἀνέστησεν ἄγαλμα· ἐντεῦθέν τε ὡς ἐπὶ τὴν Σαμάρειαν ἀνῆλθε, καὶ ∆ιὸς ξενίου τέμενος ᾠκοδόμησεν. Καὶ Ματθίας Ἀσμωνίου παῖς τὴν ἱερατείαν παρείληφεν ἐν Ἱερουσαλὴμ, καὶ τοὺς Ἀντιόχου στρατηγοὺς διεχρήσατο. Ἀλλ' ὁ μὲν ἀπὸ Σαμαρείας οἴκων *, αὐτόν τε τὸν Ματθίαν ἀναιρεῖ, καὶ τοὺς λεγομένους Μακκαβαίους κολάζει, τό τε ἱερὸν χοιρείοις αἵμασι βεβηλοῖ, καὶ στρατηγοὺς ἰδίους ἄρχειν τοῦ ἔθνους καθίστησιν. Αὐτός τε ἐπὶ τὴν Συρίαν ἀνελθὼν μεταλλάττει τὸν βίον, Ἀντιόχου τοῦ Εὐπάτορος τὴν ἀρχὴν διαδεξαμένου. 59 Ibid.: Ἐπειδὴ δὲ ∆ημήτριος Ἀντιόχου τοῦ Ἐπιφανοῦς υἱὸς παρὰ Ῥωμαίοις ὁμηρεύων, τὸν τοῦ πατρὸς ἐπύθετο θάνατον, καὶ τὴν βασιλείαν πρὸς τοῦ Εὐπάτορος ἁρπαγεῖσαν, ἱκετεύσας τὴν βουλὴν, καὶ πολλῆς ἐπικουρίας τυχὼν, ἐπὶ τὴν Συρίαν ἐπανέρχεται. Καὶ κατακτείνει μὲν τὸν Εὐπάτορα δύω ἔτεσιν ἐπιτρυφήσαντα, ἀναλαμβάνει δὲ τὴν βασιλείαν· καὶ σύμμαχος τοῦ Ῥωμαίων γένους κληθεὶς, βεβαίας ἀπήλαυσε τῆς ἡγεμονίας. Ἐνιαυτοὺς δὲ βʹ πρὸς τοῖς δέκα βιώσας, ὑπ' Ἀλεξάνδρου δολοφονεῖται, τοῦ καὶ τὴν ἀρχὴν διαδεξαμένου. 60 Ibid.: Ὅτι κατὰ τὴν Ἰβηρίαν Βορίανθος (deb. Βυρίατθος) ἦν ἀνὴρ ἀφανὴς τὸ γένος, εὐτελής τε τὴν ἐπιτήδευσιν, οὐδὲν ὅτι μὴ ποιμὴν τὸ κατ' ἀρχάς· οὗτος μετὰ ταῦτα λῃστρικοῦ τινος ἡγήσατο τάγματος· τελευταῖον τοσαύτην περιεβάλετο δύναμιν, καὶ τοσαῦτα κοινωνῆσαί οἱ τῆς ἐπιχειρήσεως ἀνέπεισε γένη, ὡς ἀξιόμαχος νομισθῆναι Ῥωμαίοις, ἱκανός τε πρὸς τὴν ἀρχαίαν καὶ πάτριον τοὺς Ἴβηρας ἐπαναγαγεῖν πολιτείαν. Πρῶτος γοῦν Κόϊντος Κεκίλιος Μέτελλος ἐπὶ τόνδε τὸν πόλεμον στρατηγὸς ἐκπέμπεται, ὃς ἄριστα καὶ τῆς Ῥωμαίων δυνάμεως ἀξίως τοῖς ἀποστᾶσι Κελτιβήρων προσεπολέμησε. Μηκυνομένου δὲ παρ' ἐλπίδα τοῦ πολέμου, Κόϊντος Πομπήϊος αὖθις στρατηγὸς ἐξέπλει, μεθ' ὃν Κόϊντος Καιπίων ἐπὶ τὸν αὐτὸν ἐξεπέμφθη πόλεμον. Ὧν μάλιστα πάντων ἕνεκα δείσαντες οἱ βάρβαροι, κτείνουσι τὸν Βορίανθον, τέσσαρα καὶ δέκα Ῥωμαίοις ἔτη ἐναντίως πολεμήσαντα· ταύτῃ προσάγεσθαι τὸν ἡγούμενον τῆς Ῥωμαϊκῆς στρατιᾶς εἰς εὔνοιαν αὐτῶν καὶ φειδὼ λογισάμενος. Καὶ δὴ ἀφικόμενοι τῶν αὐθεντῶν τοῦ Βοριάνθου τινὲς ἆθλα τῶν περὶ τὸν ἄνδρα πεπραγμένων ἠξίουν παρὰ τοῦ ὑπάτου κομίζεσθαι. Οἷς ὁ Καιπίων ἀποκρίνεται, μηδαμῶς εἶναι Ῥωμαίοις ἔννομον ἐπαινεῖσθαι τὰς κατὰ τῶν στρατηγῶν τοῖς ἀρχομένοις ἐπιχειρουμένας ἐπιβουλάς. 61 Ibid.: Ὅτι ἐπὶ ὑπάτων Γαΐου Κεκιλίου Μετέλλου καὶ Γναίου Κάρβωνος, ἐπὶ τῆς ρξζʹ Ὀλυμπιάδος ὁ δουλικὸς πόλεμος ἐγένετο ἐν Σικελίᾳ. Οἱ γὰρ ταύτην νεμόμενοι τὴν χώραν, πολλῇ τῶν ἐπιτηδείων ἐντρυφῶντες δαψιλείᾳ, οὐ σταθμητὸν ἐκτήσαντο δούλων πλῆθος, πρός τε τὰς τῶν ἀγρῶν ἐξασκοῦντες αὐτὸ τριβὰς, καὶ τῇ πανοπλίᾳ γυμνάζοντες, οὐ μόνον τοὺς περιοίκους ἐληΐζοντο, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς διοδευομένοις ξένοις ἐπαφιέντες τούτους, τῶν ἐπιφερομένων αὐτοὺς ἀφῃροῦντο φορτίων. Καὶ τοῖς μὲν δραπέταις οὐδὲν τῆς λείας παρεῖχον, αὐτοὶ δὲ πολλῶν γεγενημένοι κύριοι χρημάτων, ἐκράτουν μα νικῶς ἁπάσης τῆς Σικελίας. Οἱ γοῦν δραπέται τῇ σπάνει τῶν ἀναγκαίων βεβιασμένοι, τῇ τε τῶν ὅπλων θαρροῦντες ἀσκήσει, καὶ τῇ καθαρᾷ συνελαυνόμενοι δίκῃ, ἐπὶ τοὺς αὐθέντας τῶν δεινῶν μεταβάλλουσι τὰς χεῖρας, σύνθημα νυκτερινὸν ἐπαγγείλαντες παντὶ τῷ δουλικῷ πλήθει, Εὔνουν τέ τινα λεγόμενον δραπέτην, φύσει τε μιαρὸν καὶ πανοῦργον καὶ τῆς μυσαρᾶς μιαιφονίας αὐθέντην, βασιλέα ἀποδεικνύντες. Ἐπειδὴ δὲ οὗτος τῆς νυκτερικῆς ἐκείνης μανίας βασιλεὺς ὠνομάσθη, συνεσκεύαζε τὰς ἀρχὰς δορυφόρους τε πλείστους, καὶ τῶν δραμάτων ἄρχοντας ἀπεδείκνυ. Καὶ πάλαι μὲν τοῖς ἑαυτοῦ δεσπόταις ταῦτα τερατευόμενος ἐπήγγελτο· ἐπειδὴ δὲ τῆς ὀλεθρίας ἐπελάβετο δυναστείας, μυριάδας (τε) πλείους ἢ τεσσαράκοντα συναθροίσας, ἐν αὐτοῖς τοῖς οἴκοις ἀναιρεῖ τοὺς δεσπότας· τοὺς μὲν αἰκίαις ὑποβάλλων, τοὺς δὲ καὶ κατὰ τῶν