they suppose concerning God, nor to what they dogmatize concerning natures, does the argument from the reading now under examination contribute, as they think. But we, persuaded from many sources, both from the sacred scriptures and from the working according to the greatness and order of created things, that they are from God who created the visible and the invisible, the temporary and the eternal, as being one and the same in all respects with the Father of our Lord and Savior, a good and just and wise God; we strive to bring the scriptures to that end, to show that all things are of a God who is good and just and wise, lest we be suspected by those who have understanding of falling away at all, but according to whether what is said fits or does not fit his goodness and justice and wisdom, praying to God the Savior. 27.4 Such things, therefore, we suppose also concerning the text: “The Lord hardened the heart of Pharaoh.” The word of God is a physician of the soul, using the most varied and suitable and timely ways of healing for those who are sick; and of the ways of healing, some cause more, some less, pains and torments for those being brought to healing; and again, sometimes the remedies are given harshly, and sometimes it is not so; and again, more quickly or more slowly; and after one has been sated with sin, or after, so to speak, only touching it. And all the divinely-inspired scripture is full of testimonies for each point; of harsher remedies, more or less, being recorded as having happened to the people, according to what befell them for their conversion and correction in greater or lesser wars and in longer or shorter famines; and of harsh remedies in the text: “I will not visit upon your daughters when they commit fornication, nor upon your daughters-in-law when they commit adultery.” For perhaps he abandons souls that greatly desire bodily things and what they consider to be pleasures, until, having been sated, they turn away from the things they long for, as if wishing even to vomit them up, and would not quickly fall into the same things again, because they have been so sated with them and so tormented. But those who would make light of falling into the same things a second time, because they have been delivered from the evils too quickly, are brought more slowly to healing. But God the craftsman knows the dispositions of each and, being able to apply the remedies with knowledge, as belongs to him alone, knows what and when he must do for each. 27.5 And just as in certain bodily ailments, when the evil has penetrated, so to speak, to a depth, the physician through certain drugs draws and pulls the matter to the surface, causing severe inflammations and swellings and greater pains than one had before starting on the path to be healed; as it is their custom to do in the case of those bitten by rabid dogs and of certain others who have suffered things similar to these; so I think God also manages the hidden wickedness that has penetrated into the depth of the soul. And just as a physician might say concerning a certain patient: I will cause inflammations around the site of the affliction, and I will compel these parts to swell, so as to produce a severe abscess; and when the physician says these things, the one hearing him with greater understanding will not blame but will even praise the one who, as it were, threatens to do these things, but another will find fault, saying that the one who ought to be healing, by leading to inflammations and abscesses, is doing something foreign to the profession of physicians. So I think God also has said: “But I will harden the heart of Pharaoh.” And with these things having been written, the one who hears them as oracles of God, preserving the dignity of the speaker, accepts them, and everyone who seeks finds how to demonstrate that even in these things the goodness of God is at work. More clearly, on the one hand, for the salvation of the people, who were being confirmed through many wonders; and secondly, concerning the Egyptians, as many as were, in their astonishment at what was happening, about to follow the Hebrews; “For,” it says, “a great mixed crowd of the Egyptians went out with them”; but more secretly and more deeply, perhaps also for the benefit of Pharaoh himself, no longer hiding the poison nor constraining his disposition, but drawing it out and into

ὑπολαμβάνουσι περὶ θεοῦ, οὔτε εἰς ἃ δογματίζουσι περὶ φύσεων, συμβάλλεται αὐτοῖς ὡς οἴονται ὁ λόγος ὁ κατὰ τὸ ἐνεστηκὸς ἐξεταζόμενος ἀνάγνωσμα. Ἡμεῖς δὲ πολλαχόθεν πειθόμενοι ἀπό τε τῶν ἱερῶν γραφῶν καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς ἐνεργείας τῆς κατὰ τὸ μέγεθος καὶ τάξεως τῶν δημιουργημάτων, παρὰ θεοῦ τοῦ κτίσαντος τὰ βλεπόμενα καὶ τὰ μὴ βλεπόμενα, τὰ πρόσκαιρα καὶ τὰ αἰώνια, ὡς ἑνὸς ὄντος καὶ τοῦ αὐτοῦ κατὰ πάντα τῷ πατρὶ τοῦ κυρίου καὶ σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, ἀγαθῷ θεῷ καὶ δικαίῳ καὶ σοφῷ· ἐπὶ τὸν σκοπὸν ἐκεῖνον τὰς γραφὰς ἄγειν ἀγωνιζό μεθα, τοῦ μὲν δεικνύναι πάντα ἀγαθοῦ θεοῦ καὶ δικαίου καὶ σοφοῦ, οὐδὲ κατὰ τὸ τυχὸν ὑπονοηθέντες ἂν τοῖς γε νοῦν ἔχουσιν ἀποπίπτειν, κατὰ δὲ τὸ ἐφαρμόζειν ἢ μὴ τῇ ἀγαθότητι αὐτοῦ καὶ δικαιοσύνῃ καὶ σοφίᾳ τὰ λεγόμενα, θεοῦ σωτῆρος δεόμενοι. 27.4 Τοιαῦτα τοίνυν καὶ περὶ τοῦ· «Ἐσκλήρυνε κύριος τὴν καρδίαν Φαραὼ» ὑπονοοῦμεν. Ἰατρός ἐστι ψυχῆς ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ, ὁδοῖς θεραπείας χρώμενος ποικιλωτάταις καὶ ἁρμοδίαις πρὸς τοὺς κακῶς ἔχοντας καὶ ἐπικαιροτάταις· τῶν δὲ τῆς θεραπείας ὁδῶν αἱ μέν εἰσιν ἐπὶ πλεῖον αἱ δὲ ἐπ' ἔλαττον πόνους καὶ βασάνους ἐμποιοῦσαι τοῖς εἰς ἴασιν ἀγομένοις· πάλιν τε αὖ βοηθήματα ὁτὲ μὲν ἀπεμφαινόντως γίνεται, ὁτὲ δὲ οὐχ οὕτως ἔχει· καὶ πάλιν τάχιον ἢ βράδιον· καὶ μετὰ τὸ ἐμφορηθῆναι τῆς ἁμαρτίας, ἢ μετὰ τὸ ὥσπερ εἰπεῖν μόνον ἅψασθαι αὐτῆς. Μαρτυριῶν δὲ τῶν εἰς ἕκαστον πλήρης πᾶσα ἡ θεόπνευστος γραφή· σκυθρωποτέρων βοηθημάτων ἐπὶ πλεῖον ἢ ἐπ' ἔλαττον ἀναγεγραμμένων γεγονέναι τῷ λαῷ, κατὰ τὰ συμβεβηκότα αὐτῷ ὑπὲρ ἐπιστροφῆς καὶ διορθώσεως ἐν πολέμοις μείζοσιν ἢ ἐλάττοσι καὶ λιμοῖς πολυχρονιωτέροις ἢ ὀλιγοχρονιωτέροις· ἀπεμ φαινόντων δὲ ἐν τῷ· «Οὐκ ἐπισκέψομαι ἐπὶ τὰς θυγατέρας ὑμῶν ὅταν πορνεύσωσιν, καὶ ἐπὶ τὰς νύμφας ὑμῶν ὅταν μοιχεύσωσιν.» Τάχα γὰρ τὰς ἐπὶ πλεῖον ἐφιεμένας ψυχὰς τῶν σωματικῶν καὶ ἡδέων εἶναι νομιζομένων παρ' ἑαυταῖς ἐγκαταλείπει, ἕως κορεσθεῖσαι ἀποστραφῶσι τὰ ὧν ὀρέγονται, οἱονεὶ καὶ ἐμέσαι αὐτὰ βουλόμεναι καὶ οὐκ ἂν ἔτι ταχέως τοῖς αὐτοῖς, διὰ τὸ ὡς ἐπὶ πλεῖον ἐμπεφορῆσθαι αὐτὰς καὶ ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον βεβασανίσθαι, περι πεσούμεναι. Βράδιον δὲ ἐπὶ τὴν θεραπείαν ἄγονται αἱ καταφρονήσουσαι ἂν τοῦ δεύτερον τοῖς αὐτοῖς περιπεσεῖν, διὰ τὸ τάχιον ἀπηλλάχθαι τῶν κακῶν. Οἶδε δὲ ὁ τεχνίτης θεὸς τὰς διαθέσεις ἑκάστων καί, ὡς ἐπιβάλλει αὐτῷ μόνῳ, ἐπιστημόνως δυνάμενος τὰς θεραπείας προσάγειν, τί χρὴ καὶ πότε ἑκάστῳ ποιεῖν. 27.5 Ὥσπερ δὲ ἐπί τινων σωματικῶν παθημάτων, εἰς βάθος ἵν' οὕτως εἴπω τοῦ κακοῦ κεχωρηκότος, ὁ ἰατρὸς διά τινων φαρμάκων εἰς τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν ἕλκει καὶ ἐπισπᾶται τὴν ὕλην, φλεγμονὰς χαλεπὰς ἐμποιῶν καὶ διοιδήσεις καὶ πόνους πλείονας ἢ οὓς εἶχέ τις πρὶν ἐπὶ τὸ θεραπευθῆναι ὁδεῦσαι· ὥσπερ ἔθος αὐτοῖς ποιεῖν ἐπὶ λυσσοδήκτων καὶ ἑτέρων τινῶν τὰ παραπλήσια τούτοις πεπονθότων· οὕτως οἶμαι καὶ τὸν θεὸν οἰκονομεῖν τὴν κρύφιον κακίαν εἰς τὸ βάθος κεχωρηκυῖαν τῆς ψυχῆς. Καὶ ὥσπερ λέγοι ἂν ὁ ἰατρὸς ἐπὶ τοῦδέ τινος· ἐγὼ φλεγμονὰς ποιήσω περὶ τὸν τόπον τῆς ἀνέσεως, καὶ διοιδῆσαι ἀναγκάσω τάδε τινὰ τὰ μέρη, ὥστε ἀπόστημα χαλεπὸν ἐνεργάσασθαι· λέγοντος δὲ ταῦτα τοῦ ἰατροῦ, ὁ μὲν ἀκούων αὐτοῦ ἐπιστημονικώτερον οὐκ αἰτιάσεται ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐπαι νέσεται τὸν ταῦτα οἱονεὶ ἀπειλοῦντα ἐνεργάσασθαι, ὁ δέ τις ψέξει φάσκων ἀλλότριον τῆς τῶν ἰατρῶν ἐπαγγελίας ποιεῖν τὸν δέον ὑγιάζειν ἐπὶ φλεγμονὰς καὶ ἀποστήματα ἄγοντα. Οὕτως οἶμαι καὶ τὸν θεὸν εἰρηκέναι τό· «Ἐγὼ δὲ σκληρυνῶ τὴν καρδίαν Φαραώ.» Καὶ τούτων γεγραμμένων, ὁ μὲν ἀκούων ὡς θεοῦ λογίων τὸ μὲν ἀξίωμα τοῦ λέγοντος τηρῶν ἀποδέχεται, καὶ ζητῶν πᾶς εὑρίσκει καὶ ἐν τούτοις ἀγαθότητα τοῦ θεοῦ παραστῆσαι γινομένην. Φανερώτερον μὲν ἐπὶ σωτηρίᾳ τοῦ λαοῦ, διὰ πλειόνων παραδόξων πιστοποιουμένου· καὶ δεύτερον περὶ τῶν Αἰγυπτίων, ὅσοι ἔμελλον καταπληττόμενοι τὰ γινόμενα ἀκολουθεῖν τοῖς Ἑβραίοις· «Ἐπίμικτος γάρ, φησί, λαὸς πολὺς τῶν Αἰγυπτίων συνεξῆλθεν αὐτοῖς»· ἀπορρητότερον δὲ καὶ βαθύτερον τάχα καὶ ἐπὶ τῷ ὄφελος γενέσθαι αὐτῷ τῷ Φαραώ, οὐκ ἔτι ἀποκρύπτοντι τὸν ἰὸν οὐδὲ τὴν ἕξιν συνέχοντι, ἀλλ' ἕλκοντι καὶ εἰς