Its definition, the Teacher replied, has been attempted in different ways by different writers, each according to his own bent; but the following is our opinion about it. The soul is an essence created, and living, and intellectual, transmitting from itself to an organized and sentient body the power of living and of grasping objects of sense, as long as a natural constitution capable of this holds together.

Saying this she pointed to the physician13    It may be noticed that besides the physician several others were present. Cf. 242 D, τοὶς πολλοῖς παρακαθημένοιςwho was sitting to watch her state, and said: There is a proof of what I say close by us. How, I ask, does this man, by putting his fingers to feel the pulse, hear in a manner, through this sense of touch, Nature calling loudly to him and telling him of her peculiar pain; in fact, that the disease in the body is an inflammatory one14    Krabinger’s Latin “in intentione,” though a literal translation, hardly represents the full force of this passage, which is interesting because, the terms being used specially, if not only, of fevers or inflammation, it is evident that the speaker has her own illness in mind, and her words are thus more natural than if she spoke of patients generally. If ἐν ἐπίτασει is translated “at its height,” this will very awkwardly anticipate what follows, ἐπὶ τοσόνδε…ἡ ἐπίτασις. The doctor is supposed simply to class the complaint as belonging to the order of those which manifest themselves δι᾽ ἐπιτάσεως, as opposed to those which do so δι᾽ ἀνέσεως: he then descends to particulars, i.e. ἐπὶ τοσόνδε. The demonstrative in τῶνδε τῶν σπλάγχνων has the same force as in τὸ ἐν τῶδε θέρμον, 214 C, “such and such;” the nobler organs (viscera thoracis) of course are here meant. Gregory himself gives a list of them, 250 C., and that the malady originates in this or that internal organ; and that there is such and such a degree of fever? How too is he taught by the agency of the eye other facts of this kind, when he looks to see the posture of the patient and watches the wasting of the flesh? As, too, the state of the complexion, pale somewhat and bilious, and the gaze of the eyes, as is the case with those in pain, involuntarily inclining to sadness, indicate the internal condition, so the ear gives information of the like, ascertaining the nature of the malady by the shortness of the breathing and by the groan that comes with it. One might say that even the sense of smell in the expert is not incapable of detecting the kind of disorder, but that it notices the secret suffering of the vitals in the particular quality of the breath. Could this be so if there were not a certain force of intelligence present in each organ of the senses? What would our hand have taught us of itself, without thought conducting it from feeling to understanding the subject before it? What would the ear, as separate from mind, or the eye or the nostril or any other organ have helped towards the settling of the question, all by themselves? Verily, it is most true what one of heathen culture is recorded to have said, that it is the mind that sees and the mind that hears15    A trochaic line to this effect from the comedian Epicharmus is quoted by Theodoret, De Fide, p. 15.. Else, if you will not allow this to be true, you must tell me why, when you look at the sun, as you have been trained by your instructor to look at him, you assert that he is not in the breadth of his disc of the size he appears to the many, but that he exceeds by many times the measure of the entire earth. Do you not confidently maintain that it is so, because you have arrived by reasoning through phenomena at the conception of such and such a movement, of such distances of time and space, of such causes of eclipse? And when you look at the waning and waxing moon you are taught other truths by the visible figure of that heavenly body, viz. that it is in itself devoid of light, and that it revolves in the circle nearest to the earth, and that it is lit by light from the sun; just as is the case with mirrors, which, receiving the sun upon them, do not reflect rays of their own, but those of the sun, whose light is given back from their smooth flashing surface. Those who see this, but do not examine it, think that the light comes from the moon herself. But that this is not the case is proved by this; that when she is diametrically facing the sun she has the whole of the disc that looks our way illuminated; but, as she traverses her own circle of revolution quicker from moving in a narrower space, she herself has completed this more than twelve times before the sun has once travelled round his; whence it happens that her substance is not always covered with light. For her position facing him is not maintained in the frequency of her revolutions; but, while this position causes the whole side of the moon which looks to us to be illumined, directly she moves sideways her hemisphere which is turned to us necessarily becomes partially shadowed, and only that which is turned to him meets his embracing rays; the brightness, in fact, keeps on retiring from that which can no longer see the sun to that which still sees him, until she passes right across the sun’s disc and receives his rays upon her hinder part; and then the fact of her being in herself totally devoid of light and splendour causes the side turned to us to be invisible while the further hemisphere is all in light; and this is called the completion16    ὅπερ δὴ παντελὴς τοῦ στοιχείου μείωσις λέγεται, “perfecta elementi diminutio;” ὅπερ referring to the dark “new” moon just described, which certainly is the consummation of the waning of the moon: though it is not itself a μείωσις.—This last consideration, and the use of δὴ, and the introduction of τοῦ στοιχείου, favour another meaning which might be given, i.e. by joining παντελὴς with τοῦ στοιχείου, and making ὅπερ refer to the whole passage of the moon from full to new, “which indeed is commonly (but erroneously) spoken of as a substantial diminution of the elementary body itself,” as if it were a true and real decrease of bulk. of her waning. But when again, in her own revolution, she has passed the sun and she is transverse to his rays, the side which was dark just before begins to shine a little, for the rays move from the illumined part to that so lately invisible. You see what the eye does teach; and yet it would never of itself have afforded this insight, without something that looks through the eyes and uses the data of the senses as mere guides to penetrate from the apparent to the unseen. It is needless to add the methods of geometry that lead us step by step through visible delineations to truths that lie out of sight, and countless other instances which all prove that apprehension is the work of an intellectual essence deeply seated in our nature, acting through the operation of our bodily senses.

_Μ. Ἄλλοι μὲν ἄλλως, φησὶ, τὸν περὶ αὐτῆς ἀπεφήναντο λόγον, κατὰ τὸ δοκοῦν ἕκαστος ὁριζόμενοι, ἡ δὲ ἡμετέρα περὶ αὐτῆς δόξα οὕτως ἔχει: Ψυχή ἐστιν οὐσία γεννητὴ, οὐσία ζῶσα, νοερὰ, σώματι ὀργανικῷ καὶ αἰσθητικῷ, δύναμιν ζωτικὴν καὶ τῶν αἰσθητῶν ἀντιληπτικὴν δι' ἑαυτῆς ἐνιοῦσα, ἕως ἂν ἡ δεκτικὴ τούτων συνέστηκε φύσις. Καὶ ἅμα ταῦτα λέγουσα δείκνυσι τῇ χειρὶ τὸν ἰατρὸν τὸν ἐπὶ θεραπείᾳ τοῦ σώματος αὐτῇ προσκαθήμενον, καί φησιν: Ἐγγὺς ἡμῖν τῶν εἰρημένων ἡ μαρτυρία. Πῶς γὰρ, εἶπεν, οὗτος ἐπιβαλὼν τῇ ἀρτηρίᾳ τὴν τῶν δακτύλων ἁφὴν, ἀκούει τρόπον τινὰ διὰ τῆς ἁπτικῆς αἰσθήσεως τῆς φύσεως πρὸς αὐτὸν βοώσης, καὶ τὰ ἴδια πάθη διηγουμένης, ὅτι ἐν ἐπιτάσει ἐστὶ τῷ σώματι τὸ ἀῤῥώστημα, καὶ ἀπὸ τῶνδε τῶν σπλάγχνων ἡ νόσος ὥρμηται, καὶ ἐπὶ τοσόνδε παρατείνει τοῦ φλογμοῦ ἡ ἐπίτασις; Διδάσκεται δὲ καὶ ὑπὸ τοῦ ὀφθαλμοῦ ἄλλα τοιαῦτα, πρός τε τὸ σχῆμα τῆς κατακλίσεως βλέπων, καὶ πρὸς τὴν τῶν σαρκῶν τηκεδόνα. Καὶ ὡς ἐπισημαίνει τὴν ἔνδον διάθεσιν, τό τε εἶδος τοῦ χρώματος, ὕπωχρόν τε ὂν καὶ χολῶδες, καὶ ἡ τῶν ὀμμάτων βολὴ περὶ τῶν λυπούντων καὶ ἀλγύνον αὐτομάτως ἐγκλινομένη. Ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ ἡ ἀκοὴ τῶν ὁμοίων διδάσκαλος γίνεται, τῷ δὲ πυκνῷ τοῦ ἄσθματος, καὶ τῷ συνεκδιδομένῳ μετὰ τῆς ἀναπνοῆς στεναγμῷ τὸ πάθος ἐπιγινώσκουσα. Εἴποι δ' ἄν τις μηδὲ τὴν ὄσφρησιν τοῦ ἐπιστήμονος ἀνεπίσκεπτον εἶναι τοῦ πάθους, ἀλλὰ διὰ τῆς ποιᾶς τοῦ ἄσθματος ἰδιότητος ἐπιγινώσκειν τὸ ἐγκεκρυμμένον τοῖς σπλάγχνοις ἀῤῥώστημα. Ἆρ' οὖν εἰ μή τις δύναμις ἦν νοητὴ ἡ ἑκάστῳ τῶν αἰσθητηρίων παροῦσα; Τί ἂν ἡμᾶς ἡ χεὶρ ἀφ' ἑαυτῆς ἐδιδάξατο, μὴ τῆς ἐννοίας πρὸς τὴν τοῦ ὑποκειμένου γνῶσιν τὴν ἁφὴν ὁδηγούσης; Τί δ' ἂν ἡ ἀκοὴ διανοίας διεζευγμένη, ἢ ὀφθαλμὸς, ἢ μυκτὴρ, ἢ ἄλλο τι αἰσθητήριον πρὸς τὴν ἐπίγνωσιν τοῦ ζητουμένου συνήργησεν, εἰ ἐφ' ἑαυτοῦ μόνου τούτων ἕκαστον ἦν; Ἀλλ' ὃ πάντων ἐστὶν ἀληθέστατον, ὃ καλῶς τις τῶν ἔξω πεπαιδευμένων εἰπὼν μνημονεύεται, τὸν νοῦν εἶναι τὸν ὁρῶντα, καὶ νοῦν τὸν ἀκούοντα. Εἰ γὰρ μὴ τοῦτο δοίη τις ἀληθὲς εἶναι, πῶς, εἰπὲ σὺ, πρὸς τὸν ἥλιον βλέπων, καθὼς ἐδιδάχθης παρὰ τοῦ διδασκάλου βλέπειν, οὐχ ὅσος φαίνεται τοῖς πολλοῖς, τοσοῦτον αὐτὸν φῂς εἶναι τῷ μεγέθει τοῦ κύκλου, ἀλλ' ὑπερβαλεῖν πολλαπλάσια τῷ μέτρῳ πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν; Οὐκ ἐπειδὴ τῇ ποίᾳ κινήσει, καὶ τοῖς χρονικοῖς τε καὶ τοπικοῖς διαστήμασι, καὶ ταῖς ἐκλειπτικαῖς αἰτίαις τῇ διανοία διὰ τῶν φαινομένων ἀκολουθήσας, θαῤῥῶν ἀποφαίνων τὸ οὕτως ἔχειν;
Καὶ τῆς σελήνης μείωσίν τε καὶ αὔξησιν βλέπων, ἄλλα διδάσκει διὰ τοῦ φαινομένου περὶ τὸ στοιχεῖον σχημάτων, τὸ, ἀφεγγῆ τε εἶναι αὐτὴν κατὰ τὴν ἰδίαν φύσιν, καὶ τὸν πρόσγειον κύκλον περιπολεῖν: λάμπει δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν ἡλιακῶν ἀκτίνων, ὡς ἐπὶ τῶν κατόπτρων γίνεσθαι πεφυκέναι τὸν ἥλιον, ἐφ' ἑαυτῶν δεχόμενα οὐκ ἰδίας αὐγὰς ἀντιδίδωσιν, ἀλλὰ τοῦ ἡλιακοῦ φωτὸς ἐκ τοῦ λείου καὶ στίλβοντος σώματος εἰς τὸ ἔμπαλιν ἀνακλωμένου. Ὥσπερ τοῖς ἀνεξετάστως βλέπουσιν ἐξ αὐτῆς δοκεῖ τῆς σελήνης εἶναι τὸ φέγγος. Δείκνυται δὲ τὸ μὴ ἔχειν, ὅτι γινομένη μὲν ἀντιπρόσωπος τῷ ἡλίῳ κατὰ διάμετρον ὅλῳ τῷ πρὸς ἡμᾶς βλέποντι κύκλῳ καταφωτίζεται: ἐν ἐλάττονι δὲ τῷ κατ' αὐτὴν τόπῳ θᾶττον περιοῦσα τὸν ἐν ᾧ ἐστι κύκλον, πρὶν ἅπαξ τὸν ἥλιον περιοδεῦσαι τὸν ἴδιον δρόμον, πλέον ἢ δωδεκάκις αὐτὴ τὸν κατ' αὐτὴν περιέρχεται. Διὸ συμβαίνει μὴ ἀεὶ πεπληρῶσθαι φωτὸς τὸ στοιχεῖον: οὐ γὰρ μένει ἐν τῷ πυκνῷ τῆς περιόδου διηνεκῶς ἀντιπρόσωπος θέσις, ἅπαν τὸ πρὸς ἡμᾶς τῆς σελήνης μέρος διὰ τῶν ἡλιακῶν ἀκτίνων πεφωτισμένον ἐποίησεν, οὕτως ὅταν ἐπὶ τὰ πλάγια γίνεται τοῦ ἡλίου τοῦ ἀεὶ κατ' αὐτὸν γινομένου τῆς σελήνης ἡμισφαιρίου διαλαμβανομένου τῇ τοῦ ἀκτίνων περιβολῇ, τὸ πρὸς ἡμᾶς κατ' ἀνάγκην ἀποσκιάζεται, ἀντιμεθισταμένης τῆς λαμπηδόνος ἀπὸ τοῦ μὴ δυναμένου πρὸς τὸν ἥλιον βλέπειν μέρους ἐπὶ τὸν ἀεὶ κατ' ἐκεῖνον γινόμενον, ἕως ἂν ὑποβᾶσα κατ' εὐθεῖαν τὸν ἡλιακὸν κύκλον κατὰ νώτου τὴν ἀκτῖνα δέξηται, καὶ οὕτω τοῦ ἄνωθεν ἡμισφαιρίου περιλαμφθέντος ἀόρατον ποιεῖ τὸ πρὸς ἡμᾶς μέρος, τὸ εἶναι καθόλου τῇ ἰδίᾳ φύσει ἀφεγγὲς καὶ ἀφώτιστον: ὅπερ δὴ παντελὴς τοῦ στοιχείου μείωσις λέγεται. Εἰ δὲ παρέλθῃ πάλιν τὸν ἥλιον κατὰ τὴν ἰδίαν τοῦ δρόμου κίνησιν, καὶ ἐκ πλαγίου γένοιτο τῇ ἀκτῖνι, τὸ πρὸ ὀλίγου ἀλαμπὲς ὑπολάμπειν ἄρχεται, τῆς ἀκτῖνος ἀπὸ τοῦ πεφωτισμένου πρὸς τὸ τέως ἀφανὲς μετιούσης.
Ὁρᾷς οἷόν σοι γίνεται ἡ ὄψις διδάσκαλος, οὐκ ἄν σοι παρασχομένη δι' ἑαυτῆς τῶν τοιούτων τὴν θεωρίαν, εἰ μή τι οὖν τὸ διὰ τῶν ὄψεων βλέπων, ὃ τοῖς κατ' αἴσθησιν γινωσκομένοις οἷόν τισιν ὁδηγοῖς κεχρημένον διὰ τῶν φαινομένων, ἐπὶ τὰ μὴ βλεπόμενα διαδύεται; Τί δεῖ προστιθέναι τὰς γεωμετρικὰς ἐφόδους διὰ τῶν αἰσθητῶν χαραγμάτων, πρὸς τὰ ὑπὲρ αἴσθησιν ἡμᾶς χειραγωγούσας, καὶ μυρία ἐπὶ τούτοις ἄλλα, δι' ὧν συνίσταται διὰ τῶν ἐν ἡμῖν σωματικῶς ἐνεργουμένων τῆς ἐγκεκρυμμένης τῇ φύσει ἡμῶν νοερᾶς οὐσίας τὴν κατάληψιν γίνεσθαι;