And private individuals dignified themselves with divine titles, as Menecrates the physician, who was surnamed Zeus. Why must I list Alexarchus (he was a grammarian by profession, as Aristus of Salamis relates, who fashioned himself 4.54.4 as Helios)?; Why must I also mention Nicagoras (he was a Zeleite by birth who lived in the time of Alexander; Nicagoras was addressed as Hermes and used 4.54.5 the costume of Hermes, as he himself testifies), when even whole nations and cities with all their men, stooping to flattery, debase the myths about the gods, men styling themselves equal to the gods, puffed up by glory, voting themselves excessive honors? At one time they legislate to worship in Cynosarges Philip of Macedon from Pella, son of Amyntas, him "with the broken collar-bone and the maimed leg," who was put out 4.54.6 in the eye; and again Demetrius they also proclaim a god; and where he dismounted from his horse on entering Athens, there is a temple of Demetrius Cataebates, and altars everywhere; and a marriage with Athena was arranged for him by the Athenians; but he scorned the goddess, being unable to marry the statue; and having Lamia the courtesan he went up to the acropolis and sported in the bridal chamber of Athena, showing to the ancient maiden the postures of the young courtesan. 4.55.1 There is no cause for indignation, then, not even with Hippon immortalizing his own death; this Hippon ordered to be inscribed on his own tomb this elegy: This is the tomb of Hippon, whom Fate, when he had perished, made equal to the immortal gods. Well done, Hippon, you show us human error. For even if they did not believe you when you were speaking, let them become disciples of a dead man. This is an oracle of Hippon; let us understand it. 4.55.2 Those worshipped among you, having once been men, have then certainly died; and myth and time have honored them. For somehow present things tend to be despised through familiarity, while past things, separated from immediate refutation, are honored by fabrication through the uncertainty of time, and some things 4.55.3 are disbelieved, while others are even admired. For instance, the dead of old, being dignified by the long duration of the error, are considered gods by posterity. A proof of these things for you are your mysteries themselves, the festivals, bonds and wounds and weeping gods; Ah, woe is me, that Sarpedon, dearest of men to me, is fated to be slain by Patroclus, son of Menoetius. 4.55.4 The will of Zeus has been overcome and your Zeus wails for Sarpedon, having been conquered. With good reason, then, you yourselves have called them idols and demons, since Homer, honoring Athena herself and the other gods with wickedness, called them demons: But she had gone to Olympus, to the halls of aegis-bearing Zeus with the other demons. 4.55.5 How then are idols and demons still gods, being truly abominable and unclean spirits, confessed by all to be earthly and dreadful, sinking downwards, "grovelling about tombs and monuments," around which indeed they appear dimly, "shadowy phantoms"? 4.56.1 These are your gods, these idols, these shadows, and besides these, those "lame" and "wrinkled, with eyes askance," the Prayers, daughters of Thersites rather than of Zeus, so that Bion seems to me to have said wittily, how could men justly ask from Zeus for fair children, which 4.56.2 he was not even able to provide for himself? Alas for the impiety! The pure essence, as far as in you lies, you bury in the earth, and that unstained and holy thing you have covered over with tombs, 4.56.3 having robbed the truly existing essence of its divinity. Why then have you assigned the prerogatives of God to non-gods? And why, having forsaken heaven, have you honored the earth? For what else is gold or silver or adamant or iron or bronze or ivory or precious stones? Are they not earth and from the earth? And not of one mother
καὶ ἰδιῶται θείαις προσηγορίαις σφᾶς αὐτοὺς ἐσέμνυνον, ὡς Μενεκράτης ὁ ἰατρός, Ζεὺς οὗτος ἐπικεκλημένος. Τί με δεῖ καταλέγειν Ἀλέξαρχον (γραμματικὸς οὗτος τὴν ἐπιστήμην γεγονώς, ὡς ἱστορεῖ Ἄριστος ὁ Σαλαμίνιος, αὑτὸν κατεσχη 4.54.4 μάτιζεν εἰς Ἥλιον); Τί δεῖ καὶ Νικαγόρου μεμνῆσθαι (Ζελείτης τὸ γένος ἦν κατὰ τοὺς Ἀλεξάνδρου γεγονὼς χρόνους· Ἑρμῆς προσηγορεύετο ὁ Νικαγόρας καὶ τῇ 4.54.5 στολῇ τοῦ Ἑρμοῦ ἐκέχρητο, ὡς αὐτὸς μαρτυρεῖ), ὅπου γε καὶ ὅλα ἔθνη καὶ πόλεις αὔτανδροι, κολακείαν ὑποδυόμεναι, ἐξευτελίζουσιν τοὺς μύθους τοὺς περὶ τῶν θεῶν, ἰσοθέους ἄνθρωποι κατασχηματίζοντες ἑαυτούς, ὑπὸ δόξης πεφυση μένοι, ἐπιψηφιζόμενοι τιμὰς ἑαυτοῖς ὑπερόγκους; Νῦν μὲν τὸν Μακεδόνα τὸν ἐκ Πέλλης τὸν Ἀμύντου Φίλιππον ἐν Κυνοσάργει νομοθετοῦντες προσκυνεῖν, τὸν "τὴν κλεῖν κατεαγότα καὶ τὸ σκέλος πεπηρωμένον", ὃς ἐξεκόπη τὸν 4.54.6 ὀφθαλμόν· αὖθις δὲ τὸν ∆ημήτριον θεὸν καὶ αὐτὸν ἀναγο ρεύοντες· καὶ ἔνθα μὲν ἀπέβη τοῦ ἵππου Ἀθήναζε εἰσιών, Καταιβάτου ἱερόν ἐστι ∆ημητρίου, βωμοὶ δὲ πανταχοῦ· καὶ γάμος ὑπὸ Ἀθηναίων αὐτῷ ὁ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς ηὐτρεπίζετο· ὁ δὲ τὴν μὲν θεὸν ὑπερηφάνει, τὸ ἄγαλμα γῆμαι μὴ δυνά μενος· Λάμιαν δὲ τὴν ἑταίραν ἔχων εἰς ἀκρόπολιν ἀνῄει καὶ τῷ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς ἐνεφυρᾶτο παστῷ, τῇ παλαιᾷ παρθένῳ τὰ τῆς νέας ἐπιδεικνὺς ἑταίρας σχήματα. 4.55.1 Οὐ νέμεσις τοίνυν οὐδὲ Ἵππωνι ἀπαθανατίζοντι τὸν θάνατον τὸν ἑαυτοῦ· ὁ Ἵππων οὗτος ἐπιγραφῆναι ἐκέλευσεν τῷ μνήματι τῷ ἑαυτοῦ τόδε τὸ ἐλεγεῖον· Ἵππωνος τόδε σῆμα, τὸν ἀθανάτοισι θεοῖσιν ἶσον ἐποίησεν Μοῖρα καταφθίμενον. Εὖ γε, Ἵππων, ἐπιδεικνύεις ἡμῖν τὴν ἀνθρωπίνην πλάνην. Εἰ γὰρ καὶ λαλοῦντί σοι μὴ πεπιστεύκασι, νεκροῦ γενέσθωσαν μαθηταί. Χρησμὸς οὗτός ἐστιν Ἵππωνος· νοήσωμεν αὐτόν. 4.55.2 Οἱ προσκυνούμενοι παρ' ὑμῖν, ἄνθρωποι γενόμενοί ποτε, εἶτα μέντοι τεθνᾶσιν· τετίμηκεν δὲ αὐτοὺς ὁ μῦθος καὶ ὁ χρόνος. Φιλεῖ γάρ πως τὰ μὲν παρόντα συνηθείᾳ καταφρο νεῖσθαι, τὰ δὲ παρῳχηκότα τοῦ παραυτίκα ἐλέγχου κεχω ρισμένα χρόνων ἀδηλίᾳ τετιμῆσθαι τῷ πλάσματι, καὶ τὰ 4.55.3 μὲν ἀπιστεῖσθαι, τὰ δὲ καὶ θαυμάζεσθαι. Αὐτίκα γοῦν οἱ παλαιοὶ νεκροὶ τῷ πολλῷ τῆς πλάνης χρόνῳ σεμνυνόμενοι τοῖς ἔπειτα νομίζονται θεοί. Πίστις ὑμῖν τῶνδε αὐτὰ ὑμῶν τὰ μυστήρια, αἱ πανηγύρεις, δεσμὰ καὶ τραύματα καὶ δακρύοντες θεοί· ὤ μοι ἐγώ, ὅτε μοι Σαρπηδόνα φίλτατον ἀνδρῶν μοῖρ' ὑπὸ Πατρόκλοιο Μενοιτιάδαο δαμῆναι. 4.55.4 Κεκράτηται τὸ θέλημα τοῦ ∆ιὸς καὶ ὁ Ζεὺς ὑμῖν διὰ Σαρπηδόνα οἰμῴζει νενικημένος. Εἴδωλα γοῦν εἰκότως αὐτοὺς καὶ δαίμονας ὑμεῖς αὐτοὶ κεκλήκατε, ἐπεὶ καὶ τὴν Ἀθηνᾶν αὐτὴν καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους θεοὺς κακίᾳ τιμήσας Ὅμηρος δαίμονας προσηγόρευσεν· ἡ δ' Οὐλυμπόνδε βεβήκει δώματ' ἐς αἰγιόχοιο ∆ιὸς μετὰ δαίμονας ἄλλους. 4.55.5 Πῶς οὖν ἔτι θεοὶ τὰ εἴδωλα καὶ οἱ δαίμονες, βδελυρὰ ὄντως καὶ πνεύματα ἀκάθαρτα, πρὸς πάντων ὁμολογούμενα γήινα καὶ δεισαλέα, κάτω βρίθοντα, "περὶ τοὺς τάφους καὶ τὰ μνημεῖα καλινδούμενα", περὶ ἃ δὴ καὶ ὑποφαίνονται ἀμυ δρῶς "σκιοειδῆ φαντάσματα"; 4.56.1 Ταῦθ' ὑμῶν οἱ θεοὶ τὰ εἴδωλα, αἱ σκιαὶ καὶ πρὸς τούτοις "χωλαὶ" ἐκεῖναι καὶ "ῥυσαί, παραβλῶπες ὀφθαλμῶν", αἱ Λιταὶ αἱ Θερσίτου μᾶλλον ἢ ∆ιὸς θυγατέρες, ὥστε μοι δοκεῖν χαριέντως φάναι τὸν Βίωνα, πῶς ἂν ἐνδίκως οἱ ἄνθρωποι παρὰ τοῦ ∆ιὸς αἰτήσονται τὴν εὐτεκνίαν, ἣν 4.56.2 οὐδ' αὑτῷ παρασχεῖν ἴσχυσεν; Οἴμοι τῆς ἀθεότητος· τὴν ἀκήρατον οὐσίαν, τὸ ὅσον ἐφ' ὑμῖν, κατορύττετε καὶ τὸ ἄχραντον ἐκεῖνο καὶ τὸ ἅγιον τοῖς τάφοις ἐπικεχώκατε, 4.56.3 τῆς ἀληθῶς ὄντως οὐσίας συλήσαντες τὸ θεῖον. Τί δὴ οὖν τὰ τοῦ θεοῦ τοῖς οὐ θεοῖς προσενείματε γέρα; Τί δὲ κατα λιπόντες τὸν οὐρανὸν τὴν γῆν τετιμήκατε; Τί δ' ἄλλο χρυσὸς ἢ ἄργυρος ἢ ἀδάμας ἢ σίδηρος ἢ χαλκὸς ἢ ἐλέφας ἢ λίθοι τίμιοι; Οὐχὶ γῆ τε καὶ ἐκ γῆς; οὐχὶ δὲ μιᾶς μητρὸς