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piercing some in the sides, and others he inflicted with wounds to the head; of the women, as many as were virgins were seized and forced to serve the fugitives, and as many as were already living with their husbands were violently dishonored. When this calamity was also visiting the other cities, and was about to come upon Rome itself, Publius Scipio marched against them, and of these he killed some, and others he put under the yoke. 62 Ibid.: That after the suppression of the revolted slaves, Scipio Africanus, in the senate-house, struck Tiberius Gracchus, a man from the ranks of the generals, who was attempting innovations and stirring up the people, with a piece of wood and killed him. 63 Ibid.: That at this time, when the people rose up, Scipio Africanus became an exile from the city, and he also suffered the loss of his wife along with his virgin daughter, and was deprived of his house together with his possessions. For some things were consumed by fire, and others were plundered and destroyed by the people; so that by a decree of the senate after these events no small portion was bestowed upon the man from the public treasury. 64 Ibid.: That when Publius Scipio, surnamed Nasica, and Calpurnius Bestia were consuls, the Romans again crossed over to Libya, to make war against Jugurtha, the ruler of the Numidians. And the cause of the quarrel with the man was something like this. Masinissa had been king of Numidia in former times, having been a faithful ally to the Romans. To him were born sons: Mastanabal, and Gulussa, and a third, Micipsa. And when the others died while still young, Micipsa later succeeded to the kingdom; and when he had two sons of his own, Adherbal and Hiempsal, he handed down the rule of Numidia to them, having declared this Jugurtha, who happened to be the son of his brother Mastanabal, but born of a concubine, to be co-ruler with his own sons. But Jugurtha, after his uncle passed away, not being content with his own share of the kingdom, plotted against Adherbal and his company, who had inherited along with their grandfather's and father's estate both the goodwill and friendship toward the Romans, and having corrupted the men, he himself unlawfully ruled over all of Numidia. It seemed right, therefore, to the people not to overlook the misfortune of men who had been friends and allies from of old, but to defend them with all their power; and so one of the consuls, Bestia, was ordered to march against him; who, having been corrupted by the gifts of Jugurtha, came to disgraceful reconciliations unworthy of Roman power. The senate therefore, having dissolved these and decreed them to be invalid, removed Bestia from his command, and appointed Spurius Postumius Albinus as leader of this war for the following year. And since he too, through his brother, waged war against the enemy unskillfully and very weakly, having been overcome by the king's money, they sent out a third, Quintus Caecilius Metellus the consul, for this same war. Who upon arriving found the army corrupted by the baseness of the previous commanders, and with a noble spirit and by moderate correction of their errors, he restored it to Roman order, having done nothing harsh or bitter to any of his subordinates; and he humbled Jugurtha in frequent battles, taking many cities of the Numidians by storm, and of the elephants, destroying some and capturing others alive. When he was not far, then, from the end of his undertakings, he was removed from command, with Gaius Marius succeeding to the command. And Marius, having taken over the forces, prevailed over those arrayed against him with Jugurtha the king of the Mauri, and he too, having taken certain cities of the Numidians, came to a successful end of the whole contest in a short time, having the king of the enemy in his power, betrayed by Bocchus the Maurusian, an ally to the enemy, and brought captive by Cornelius Sulla, a great man and

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πλευρωμάτων ἀκοντίζων, ἑτέρους δὲ τῶν κεφαλῶν ζημιῶν διετίθει· γυναικῶν δὲ ὅσαι μὲν ἐν παρθενίᾳ ὑπῆρχον, συνηρπάζοντο δουλεύειν τοῖς δραπέταις ἠναγκασμέναι, ὅσαι δὲ τὸ πρὶν ἤδη τοῖς ἀνδράσι συνῴκουν, πρὸς βίαν ᾐσχύνοντο. Τοῦ δὲ πάθους καὶ ταῖς ἄλλαις πόλεσιν ἐπιδημοῦντος, μέλλοντός τε καὶ ἐπ' αὐτῇ ἐπιφοιτᾶν τῇ Ῥώμῃ, Πόπλιος Σκιπίων κατ' αὐτῶν στρατεύσας, τούτων τοὺς μὲν ἀναιρεῖ, τοὺς δὲ ὑπὸ ζυγὸν τίθησιν. 62 Ibid.: Ὅτι μετὰ τὴν τῶν ἀποστατῶν δούλων καθαίρεσιν, Σκιπίων Ἀφρικανὸς κατὰ τὸ βουλευτήριον Τιβέριον Γράκχον, ἄνδρα τῶν ἐν τέλει στρατηγῶν, νεωτέρων ἁπτόμενον καὶ τὸ δῆμον ἀνασείοντα, ξύλῳ παίσας κατέκτανεν. 63 Ibid.: Ὅτι ἐν τούτῳ τῷ χρόνῳ, ἐπαναστάντος τοῦ δήμου, Σκιπίων Ἀφρικανὸς φυγὰς τῆς πόλεως γίνεται, ζημιοῦται δὲ καὶ τὴν ἑαυτοῦ γυναῖκα σὺν παρθένῳ παιδὶ, καὶ τῆς οἰκίας ἅμα τοῖς ὑπάρχουσιν ἀποστερεῖται. Τὰ μὲν γὰρ πυρὶ κατεφλέχθη, τὰ δὲ ὑπὸ τοῦ δήμου διηρπάγη τε καὶ ἀνῃρέθη· ὡς δόγματι τῆς βουλῆς μετὰ ταῦτα ἐκ τοῦ δημοσίου μοῖραν οὐ μικρὰν τῷ ἀνδρὶ ἐπιδοθῆναι. 64 Ibid.: Ὅτι Ποπλίου Σκιπίωνος, ἐπίκλησιν Νασικᾶ, καὶ Καλπουρνίου Βεστίου ὑπατευόντων, αὖθις ἐς τὴν Λιβύην ἐπεραιοῦντο Ῥωμαῖοι, ἐναντία Ἰουγούρθα τῷ Νουμιδῶν δυνάστῃ πολεμήσοντες. Αἰτία δὲ τῆς πρὸς τὸν ἄνδρα διαφορᾶς τοιάδε τις ἦν. Μασσανάσης ἐγεγόνει κατὰ τοὺς ἄνω χρόνους βασιλεὺς τῆς Νουμιδίας, Ῥωμαίοις γεγονὼς πιστὸς σύμμαχος. Τούτῳ παῖδες γίνονται Μασθανάβαλλός τε καὶ Γολούσσας καὶ τρίτος Μιψίχας. Τελευτησάντων δὲ τῶν ἑτέρων νέων ἔτι, Μιψίχας χρόνοις ὕστερον τὴν βασιλείαν ἐκδέχεται· γενομένοις δὲ ἀφ' ἑαυτοῦ δύο παισὶ Ἀδερβάλλῳ τε καὶ Ἱεμψάλῳ, τὸ τῆς Νουμιδίας παραπέμπει τούτοις κράτος, συνάρχοντα τοῖς ἑαυτοῦ παισὶν ἀποφήνας τουτονὶ τὸν Ἰουγούρθαν, Μασθαναβάλλου μὲν τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ παῖδα τυγχάνοντα, τεχθέντα δὲ ἐκ παλλακίδος. Ὁ δὲ Ἰουγούρθας, τοῦ θείου μεταστάντος, οὐκ ἀγαπήσας τὴν οἰκείαν τῆς βασιλείας μοῖραν, ἐπιβουλεύει τοῖς περὶ τὸν Ἀδέρβαλλον, ἅμα τῷ παππῴῳ καὶ πατρῴῳ κλήρῳ καὶ τὴν πρὸς Ῥωμαίους εὔνοιάν τε καὶ φιλίαν διαδεξαμένοις, καὶ διαφθείρας τοὺς ἄνδρας, αὐτὸς ἁπάσης παρανόμως ἐκράτει τῆς Νουμιδίας. Ἐδόκει δὴ οὖν τῷ δήμῳ μὴ περιορᾶν ἀνδρῶν ἀνέκαθεν φίλων τε καὶ συμμάχων συμφορὰν, ἀλλ' ἀμύνειν πάσῃ δυνάμει· καὶ δὴ στρατεύειν ἐπ' αὐτὸν ἅτερος τῶν ὑπάτων Βεστίας προστάττεται· ὃς τοῖς δώροις τοῦ Ἰουγούρθου διαφθαρεὶς, εἰς διαλλαγὰς αἰσχράς τε καὶ τῆς Ῥωμαίων δυνάμεως ἀναξίας ἀφίκετο. Ταύτας οὖν διαλῦσαν καὶ ἀκύρους εἶναι ψηφισάμενον τὸ συνέδριον, ἀπαλλάττει τῆς ἀρχῆς τὸν Βεστίαν, ἡγεμόνα δὲ τῷ κατόπιν ἐνιαυτῷ τοῦδε τοῦ πολέμου Σπόριον Ποστούμιον Ἀλβῖνον ἀποδείκνυσιν. Ἐπειδὴ δὲ καὶ οὗτος ἀμαθῶς τε καὶ λίαν ἀσθενῶς διὰ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ τοῖς ἐναντίοις προσεπολέμησεν, ἥττων τῶν βασιλικῶν χρημάτων γενόμενος, τρίτον Κόϊντον Κεκίλιον Μέτελλον τὸν ὕπατον ἐπὶ τὸν αὐτὸν τοῦτον ἐκπέμπει πόλεμον. Ὃς ἀφικόμενος τὴν μὲν στρατιὰν διεφθαρμένην ὑπὸ τῆς κακίας τῶν ἔμπροσθεν ἡγησαμένων, φρονήματι γενναίῳ καὶ μετρίᾳ τῶν ἁμαρτανομένων ἐπανορθώσει πρὸς τὸν Ῥωμαϊκὸν ἐπανήγαγε κόσμον, οὐδὲν ἀπηνὲς οὐδὲ πικρὸν ἐς οὐδένα τῶν ὑπηκόων εἰρ γασμένος· τὸν δὲ Ἰουγούρθαν συχναῖς ἐταπείνωσε μάχαις, πόλεις τῶν Νουμιδῶν πολλὰς κατὰ κράτος ἐξελὼν, καὶ τῶν ἐλεφάντων τοὺς μὲν διαφθείρας, τοὺς δὲ ζῶντας χειρωσάμενος. Οὐ πόρρω γοῦν ἀπέχων τοῦ τέλους τῶν πραττομένων, παρελύθη τῆς ἀρχῆς, Γαΐου Μαρίου τὴν ἀρχὴν διαδεξαμένου. Παραλαβὼν δὲ τὰς δυνάμεις ὁ Μάριος κρατεῖ μὲν ἀντιταξαμένων τῶν περὶ τὸν Ἰουγούρθαν τὸν βασιλέα τῶν Μαυρουσίων, πόλεις δὲ καὶ οὗτός τινας τῶν Νουμιδῶν καθελὼν, ὡς πέρας εὐτυχὲς δι' ὀλίγου τοῦ παντὸς ἀγῶνος ἀφίκετο, ἔχων ὑπὸ χεῖρα τὸν βασιλέα τῶν ἐναντίων, προδοθέντα μὲν ὑπὸ Βόκχου τοῦ Μαυρουσίου συμμάχου τοῖς ἐναντίοις, ἀχθέντα δὲ αἰχμάλωτον ὑπὸ Κορνηλίου Σύλλου, ἀνδρὸς μεγάλου τε