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is said to be equal but insofar as it is a quantity and for this surface to be equal to that surface, just as also in quantity the similar and the dissimilar are considered not insofar as it is a quantity, but insofar as it partakes of quality. 36 Concerning acting and being acted upon. It is necessary to know that action and passion, that is, the active power and the passive, are under the category of quality, but acting and being acted upon is a certain substance acting or being acted upon in such a way. To act, therefore, is to have the cause of the activity in oneself, while to be acted upon is to have the cause of the passion in oneself and in another, as the maker and the thing being made. For the maker has the cause of the making in himself, but the thing being made has the beginning of the making in the maker, and in itself the aptitude for being acted upon. And here by "maker" we mean the artisan, such as a carpenter, and by "thing being made," the matter which is subject to the artisan, such as wood; for this is subject to the carpenter. Of acting and being acted upon, some are simply called "to make," as in the case of the productive arts, such as carpentry, smithing and such things, in which cases, even after the maker ceases, the product remains; for when the builder stops building, what has been built remains; -another is called "to do," in which cases what is done does not remain when the doer ceases; for when the flute-player ceases, the flute-playing does not remain but is destroyed; -another is called "to contemplate," such as to study astronomy, to do geometry, to think and such things, and also the forms observed in inanimate things, such as in fire, stone, wood and such things. The first, then, apply to rational beings, but the last to inanimate and irrational beings; for it does not act insofar as it is animate, but insofar as it is a body approaching a body. And it has two properties: first, to admit of contrariety, for to heat is contrary to to cool; second, the more and the less; for it is possible to heat more and to cool less, and likewise to be heated and to be cooled. Therefore, acting and being acted upon are observed in all the categories: in substance, to beget and to be begotten; in quantity, to number and to be numbered; in relation, to double and to be doubled; in quality, to whiten and to be whitened; in position, to seat and to be seated; in having, to wear and to be worn; in where, to contain and to be contained; and in when, to be contained and to contain in the present, past, and future time. 37 Concerning position. To be in a position is to have a certain posture in relation to another, for instance a body being positioned in a certain way toward such a posture or toward reclining or sitting or standing. There are three kinds of position: to be standing, to be sitting, to be reclining. For being upright makes for standing, while being partly down and partly upright makes for sitting, and being completely down makes for reclining. And position does not signify either the thing positioned or the place, but the posture itself of the thing positioned in relation to the place. Of things in a position, some are positioned according to nature, as the elements in their proper places, such as earth, water, air, fire, and such things; others according to arrangement and art, as a statue, a pillar, and such things. There is a further subdivision which says that of things in a position, some are stationary, like the earth, and others are moving, like the heavenly bodies. Further, of things in a position, some are in a position potentially, that is, those that are able to move, and others actually, as where they are positioned. 38 Concerning where.

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λέγεται ἴσον εἶναι ἀλλὰ καθὸ ποσότης καὶ τὸ εἶναι τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν ταύτην ἴσην ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἐπιφανείᾳ, ὡς καὶ ἐν τῷ ποσῷ τὸ ὅμοιον καὶ ἀνόμοιον θεωρεῖται οὐ καθὸ ποσόν, ἀλλὰ καθὸ μετέχει ποιότητος. 36 Περὶ τοῦ ποιεῖν καὶ πάσχειν. Χρὴ γινώσκειν, ὅτι ἡ ποίησις καὶ ἡ πάθησις ἤγουν ἡ ποιητικὴ δύναμις καὶ ἡ παθητικὴ ὑπὸ τὴν ποιότητά εἰσι, τὸ δὲ ποιεῖν καὶ τὸ πάσχειν οὐσία τίς ἐστι τοιῶσδε ἐνεργοῦσα ἢ πάσχουσα. Ποιεῖν οὖν ἐστι τὸ ἐν ἑαυτῷ ἔχειν τὴν αἰτίαν τῆς ἐνεργείας, πάσχειν δὲ τὸ ἐν ἑαυτῷ καὶ ἐν ἄλλῳ ἔχειν τὴν αἰτίαν τοῦ πάσχειν ὡς ὁ δημιουργὸς καὶ τὸ δημιουργούμενον· ὁ μὲν γὰρ δημιουργὸς ἐν ἑαυτῷ ἔχει τὴν αἰτίαν τῆς δημιουργίας, τὸ δὲ δημιουργούμενον ἐν μὲν τῷ δημιουργῷ τὴν ἀρχὴν τῆς δημιουργίας, ἐν ἑαυτῷ δὲ τὴν ἐπιτηδειότητα τῆς παθήσεως. ∆ημιουργὸν δὲ ἐνταῦθα τὸν τεχνίτην λέγομεν οἷον τέκτονα, δημιουργούμενον δὲ τὴν ὕλην τὴν ὑποκειμένην τῷ τεχνίτῃ οἷον τὴν ξυλήν· αὕτη γὰρ ὑπόκειται τῷ τέκτονι. Τοῦ δὲ ποιεῖν καὶ τοῦ πάσχειν τὰ μὲν ἁπλῶς λέγονται ποιεῖν ὡς ἐπὶ τῶν ποιητικῶν τεχνῶν οἷον τεκτονικῆς, χαλκευτικῆς καὶ τῶν τοιούτων, ἐφ' ὧν καὶ μετὰ τὸ παύσασθαι τὸν ποιοῦντα διαμένει τὸ ποίημα· τοῦ γὰρ οἰκοδόμου παυσαμένου τοῦ οἰκοδομεῖν διαμένει τὸ οἰκοδομηθέν· -τὸ δὲ λέγεται πράττειν, ἐφ' ὧν οὐ διαμένει τὸ πραττόμενον παυσαμένου τοῦ πράττοντος· παυσαμένου γὰρ τοῦ αὐλητοῦ οὐ διαμένει ἀλλ' ἀπόλλυται ἡ αὔλησις· -τὸ δὲ λέγεται θεωρεῖν ὡς τὸ ἀστρονομεῖν, γεωμετρεῖν, νοεῖν καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα, ἔτι καὶ τὰ θεωρούμενα εἴδη ἐν τοῖς ἀψύχοις οἷον πυρί, λίθῳ, ξύλῳ καὶ τοῖς τοιούτοις. Τὰ μὲν οὖν πρῶτα ἐπὶ τῶν λογικῶν εἰσι, τὸ δὲ ἔσχατον ἐπὶ τῶν ἀψύχων καὶ ἀλόγων· οὐ καθὸ γὰρ ἔμψυχον ποιεῖ ἀλλὰ καθὸ σῶμα πλησιάζον σώματι. ∆ύο δὲ ἔχει ἴδια· πρῶτον τὸ ἐπιδέχεσθαι ἐναντιότητα, τὸ γὰρ θερμαίνειν ἐναντίον ἐστὶ τοῦ ψύχειν· δεύτερον τὸ μᾶλλον καὶ ἧττον· ἐνδέχεται γὰρ μᾶλλον θερμαίνειν καὶ ἧττον ψύχειν, ὁμοίως καὶ θερμαίνεσθαι καὶ ψύχεσθαι. Ἐν πάσαις οὖν ταῖς κατηγορίαις θεωρεῖται τὸ ποιεῖν καὶ πάσχειν· ἐν μὲν τῇ οὐσίᾳ τὸ γεννᾶν καὶ γεννᾶσθαι, ἐν δὲ τῷ ποσῷ ἀριθμεῖν καὶ ἀριθμεῖσθαι, ἐν δὲ τοῖς πρός τι διπλασιάζειν καὶ διπλασιάζεσθαι, ἐν τῇ ποιότητι λευκαίνειν καὶ λευκαίνεσθαι, ἐν τῷ κεῖσθαι καθίζειν καὶ καθέ ζεσθαι, ἐν τῷ ἔχειν φορεῖν καὶ φορεῖσθαι, ἐν τῇ ποῦ περιέχειν καὶ περιέχεσθαι, καὶ ἐν τῇ ποτὲ περιέχεσθαι καὶ περιέχειν ἐν τῷ ἐνεστῶτι καὶ παρεληλυθότι καὶ μέλλοντι χρόνῳ. 37 Περὶ τοῦ κεῖσθαι. Κεῖσθαί ἐστι τὸ ἔχον θέσιν πως πρὸς ἕτερον οἷον τὸ σῶμα τὸ κείμενόν πως πρὸς τὴν τοιαύτην θέσιν ἢ πρὸς ἀνάκλισιν ἢ καθέδραν ἢ στάσιν. Εἴδη δὲ τοῦ κεῖσθαι τρία· τὸ ἵστασθαι, τὸ καθῆσθαι, τὸ ἀνακλίνεσθαι· τὸ μὲν γὰρ ὀρθὸν εἶναι τὸ ἵστασθαι ποιεῖ, τὸ δὲ κατὰ μέρος μὲν κεῖσθαι, κατὰ μέρος δὲ ἵστασθαι ποιεῖ τὸ καθῆσθαι, τὸ δὲ παντελῶς κεῖσθαι ποιεῖ τὸ ἀνακλίνεσθαι. Οὐ δηλοῖ δὲ τὸ κεῖσθαι οὐδὲ τὸ κείμενον οὐδὲ τὸν τόπον ἀλλὰ αὐτὴν τὴν θέσιν τοῦ κειμένου πρὸς τὸν τόπον. Τῶν δὲ κειμένων τὰ μὲν κατὰ φύσιν κεῖνται ὡς τὰ στοιχεῖα ἐν τοῖς οἰκείοις τόποις οἷον γῆ, ὕδωρ, ἀήρ, πῦρ καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα, τὰ δὲ κατὰ θέσιν καὶ τέχνην ὡς ἀνδριάς, κίων καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα. Λοιπὸν ἐπιδιαίρεσις ἡ λέγουσα, ὅτι τῶν κειμένων τὰ μὲν στάσιμα ὡς γῆ, τὰ δὲ κινούμενα ὡς τὰ οὐράνια σώματα. Ἔτι τῶν κειμένων τὰ μὲν δυνάμει κεῖνται ἤγουν τὰ δυνάμενα μετέρχεσθαι, τὰ δὲ ἐνεργείᾳ, ὡς ὅπου κεῖνται. 38 Περὶ τῆς ποῦ.