John of Damascus, Dialectic Fuller Recension

of accidents, and that substance is more primary than the accidents, since the accidents have their existence in it. It has also been said concerning its division and how substance differs from the essential differentiae, that through them substance, being formed into a species, constitutes such-and-such a species and becomes such-and-such. It has also been said what nature is and what form is and hypostasis and person and individual, both how those outside have thought about these things, and how the holy fathers, the disciples and teachers of the truth and of true philosophy, have rightly divided. But come now, let us speak of the properties of substance. A property of substance is not to be in a subject; for it is rather a subject for an accident to exist in and it does not have its existence in another. This is also a property of the essential differentiae; for that which is in a subject neither preserves when present nor destroys when absent; wherefore it is not even included in the definition, for it is in every way an accident. But the essential differentiae are not accidents, and when present they preserve and when absent they destroy; wherefore they are also included in the definition. A property is also to be predicated synonymously, that is, to impart both the name and the definition; and not to have any contrary, for to a stone, that is to the substance itself of the stone, there is nothing contrary; and not to admit of the more and less; this is also a property of the essential differentiae, for neither is man more a substance or an animal than a horse, nor a horse more than a man; and to be receptive of contraries in turn, and not in itself but through its own change. By contraries I mean non-essential accidents; for the rational does not admit of the irrational, but the body is heated and, by changing, is cooled, and the soul at one time receives virtue and at another time vice. 49 Further, concerning those of the same genus and of the same species, and of different genera and of different species, and of the same hypostasis, and differing in number. Of the same genus are whatever are arranged under the same category, for example, whatever are under substance, and similarly for the other nine categories; for it is necessary to know that there are ten categories in all, that is, the most general genera, under which every word simply said is referred. These are: 1st, substance, for example, stone; 2nd, quantity, for example, two, three; 3rd, relation, for example, father, son; 4th, quality, for example, white, black; 5th, where, for example, in Damascus, and this is indicative of place; 6th, when, yesterday, tomorrow; and this is indicative of time; 7th, having, for example, to wear a cloak; 8th, being in a position, for example, to stand, to sit; 9th, doing, for example, burning; 10th, being affected, for example, being burned. Of different genera are whatever are under a different category; and of the same genus, for example, man and horse, for both are under substance, but of different genera, as man and knowledge; for man is under substance, but knowledge is under quality. Of the same species are whatever are arranged under the same species and share in the definition of the substance, for example, Peter, Paul; for both are under one species, that of man. Of different species are whatever differ in species, that is, in the definition of the substance, for example, man and horse. The holy fathers say that of the same genus and of the same species is the same as consubstantial, that is, the hypostases under the same species. Of the same hypostasis is when two natures are united in one hypostasis and have one composite hypostasis and one person, as soul and body. Of a different hypostasis and differing in number are whatever by the combination of accidents have defined the property of their own hypostasis, that is, whatever differ from one another in accidents and have existence in part and in themselves, for example, the individuals Peter and Paul; for this one is one person and that one is another. 50 Concerning the quantified and quantity. Quantity is a heap of units; for they do not say that the unit is a quantity, but the beginning of quantity. Therefore, when a unit and a unit come together, they become two, so that quantity is not a division but a heap and a conjunction of units; for to divide two into one and one in turn is a division, but to call one and one two is rather a conjunction. It must be known that quantity is the measure itself and the number that measures and counts, but quantified things are those by number and by measure

συμβεβηκότων, καὶ ὡς κυριωτέρα ἐστὶν ἡ οὐσία τῶν συμβεβηκότων ὡς ἐν αὐτῇ ἐχόντων τῶν συμβεβηκότων τὴν ὕπαρξιν. Εἴρηται δὲ καὶ περὶ τῆς διαιρέσεως αὐτῆς καὶ τί διαφέρει οὐσία τῶν οὐσιωδῶν διαφορῶν, ὅτι δι' αὐτῶν ἡ οὐσία εἰδοποιουμένη τοῖον εἶδος ἀποτελεῖ καὶ τοιάδε γίνεται. Εἴρηται δὲ καὶ τί φύσις καὶ τί μορφὴ καὶ ὑπόστασις καὶ πρόσωπον καὶ ἄτομον, πῶς τε οἱ ἔξω περὶ τούτων ἐδόξασαν, καὶ πῶς οἱ ἅγιοι πατέρες, οἱ τῆς ἀληθείας καὶ τῆς ὄντως φιλοσοφίας μαθηταὶ καὶ διδάσκαλοι, ὠρθοτόμησαν. Φέρε δὲ νῦν τὰ ἴδια τῆς οὐσίας εἴπωμεν. Ἴδιον τῆς οὐσίας τὸ μὴ ἐν ὑποκειμένῳ εἶναι· αὕτη γὰρ μᾶλλον ὑπόκειται τῷ συμβεβηκότι εἰς τὸ εἶναι καὶ οὐχὶ αὐτὴ ἐν ἑτέρῳ ἔχει τὴν ὕπαρξιν. Τοῦτο δὲ τὸ ἴδιον καὶ τῶν οὐσιωδῶν διαφορῶν ἐστι· τὸ γὰρ ἐν ὑποκειμένῳ οὔτε παρὸν σῴζει οὔτε ἀπὸν φθείρει· διὸ οὐδὲ ἐν τῷ ὁρισμῷ λαμβάνεται, καὶ συμβεβηκὸς γὰρ πάντως ἐστίν. Αἱ δὲ οὐσιώδεις διαφοραὶ οὔκ εἰσι συμβεβηκότα καὶ παρόντα σῴζουσι καὶ ἀπόντα φθείρουσι· διὸ καὶ ἐν τῷ ὁρισμῷ λαμβάνονται. Ἴδιον δὲ καὶ τὸ συνωνύμως κατηγορεῖσθαι ἤγουν μεταδιδόναι καὶ τοῦ ὀνόματος καὶ τοῦ ὁρισμοῦ· καὶ τὸ μὴ ἔχειν τι ἐναντίον, τῷ γὰρ λίθῳ ἤγουν αὐτῇ τῇ οὐσίᾳ τοῦ λίθου οὐδέν ἐστιν ἐναντίον· καὶ τὸ μὴ ἐπιδέχεσθαι τὸ μᾶλλον καὶ ἧττον· τοῦτο δὲ καὶ τῶν οὐσιωδῶν διαφορῶν ἐστιν ἴδιον, οὐδὲ γάρ ἐστιν ὁ ἄνθρωπος μᾶλλον τοῦ ἵππου οὐσία ἢ ζῷον οὐδὲ ὁ ἵππος μᾶλλον τοῦ ἀνθρώπου· καὶ τὸ τῶν ἐναντίων εἶναι δεκτικὸν ἀνὰ μέρος καὶ οὐ κατ' αὐτὸν ἀλλὰ κατὰ τὴν ἑαυτῆς μεταβολήν. Ἐναντίων δὲ λέγω συμβεβηκότων ἐπουσιωδῶν· τὸ γὰρ λογικὸν οὐκ ἐπιδέχεται τὸ ἄλογον, τὸ δὲ σῶμα θερμαίνεται καὶ μεταβαλλόμενον ψύχεται, καὶ ἡ ψυχὴ ποτὲ μὲν δέχεται ἀρετὴν ποτὲ δὲ κακίαν. 49 Ἔτι περὶ ὁμογενῶν καὶ ὁμοειδῶν ἑτερογενῶν τε καὶ ἑτεροειδῶν καὶ ὁμοϋποστάτων καὶ ἀριθμῷ διαφερόντων. Ὁμογενῆ εἰσιν, ὅσα ὑπὸ τὴν αὐτὴν κατηγορίαν τάσσονται, οἷον ὅσα εἰσὶν ὑπὸ τὴν οὐσίαν, ὁμοίως καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἐννέα κατηγοριῶν· δεῖ γὰρ γινώσκειν, ὡς δέκα εἰσὶν αἱ πᾶσαι κατηγορίαι ἤτοι τὰ γενικώτατα γένη, ὑφ' ἃς ἀναφέρεται πᾶσα φωνὴ ἁπλῶς λεγομένη. Εἰσὶ δὲ αὗται· αʹ οὐσία οἷον λίθος· βʹ ποσὸν οἷον δύο, τρία· γʹ πρός τι οἷον πατήρ, υἱός· δʹ ποιὸν οἷον λευκόν, μέλαν· εʹ ποῦ οἷον ἐν ∆αμασκῷ, τοῦτο δὲ τόπου ἐστὶ δηλωτικόν· ʹ ποτέ, χθές, αὔριον· τοῦτο δὲ χρόνου ἐστὶ δηλωτικόν· ζʹ ἔχειν οἷον ἱμάτιον φορεῖν· ηʹ κεῖσθαι οἷον ἵστασθαι, καθέζεσθαι· θʹ ποιεῖν οἷον καίειν· ιʹ πάσχειν οἷον καίεσθαι. Ἑτερογενῆ δέ εἰσιν, ὅσα ὑπ' ἄλλην καὶ ἄλλην κατηγορίαν εἰσί· καὶ ὁμογενῆ μὲν οἷον ὁ ἄνθρωπος καὶ ὁ ἵππος, ὑπὸ τὴν οὐσίαν γάρ εἰσιν ἀμφότερα, ἑτερογενῆ δὲ ὡς ἄνθρωπος καὶ ἐπιστήμη· ὁ μὲν γὰρ ἄνθρωπος ὑπὸ τὴν οὐσίαν ἐστίν, ἡ δὲ ἐπιστήμη ὑπὸ τὴν ποιότητα. Ὁμοειδῆ εἰσιν, ὅσα ὑπὸ τὸ αὐτὸ εἶδος τάσσονται καὶ κοινωνοῦσι τῷ λόγῳ τῆς οὐσίας οἷον Πέτρος, Παῦλος· ἀμφότεροι γὰρ ὑφ' ἓν εἶδός εἰσι, τὸ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου. Ἑτεροειδῆ δέ εἰσιν, ὅσα τῷ εἴδει διαφέρουσιν ἤγουν τῷ λόγῳ τῆς οὐσίας οἷον ἄνθρωπος καὶ ἵππος. Οἱ δὲ ἅγιοι πατέρες ὁμογενῆ καὶ ὁμοειδῆ ταὐτὸν λέγουσι τὰ ὁμοούσια ἤγουν τὰς ὑπὸ τὸ αὐτὸ εἶδος ὑποστάσεις. Ὁμοϋπόστατά εἰσιν, ὅτε δύο φύσεις ἐν μιᾷ ὑποστάσει ἑνωθῶσι καὶ μίαν σχῶσιν ὑπόστασιν σύνθετον καὶ ἓν πρόσωπον ὡς ψυχὴ καὶ σῶμα. Ἑτεροϋπόστατα δὲ καὶ ἀριθμῷ διαφέροντα, ὅσα τῇ συμπλοκῇ τῶν συμβεβηκότων τὴν ἰδιότητα τῆς οἰκείας ὑποστάσεως ἀφωρίσαντο ἤγουν ὅσα τοῖς συμβεβηκόσι διαφέρουσιν ἀλλήλων καὶ τὴν ἀνὰ μέρος καὶ καθ' ἑαυτὸ ἔχουσιν ὕπαρξιν οἷον τὰ ἄτομα Πέτρος καὶ Παῦλος· ἄλλος γάρ ἐστιν οὗτος καὶ ἄλλος ἐκεῖνος. 50 Περὶ ποσοῦ καὶ ποσότητος. Ποσότης ἐστὶ σωρεία μονάδων· τὴν μὲν γὰρ μονάδα οὔ φασι ποσότητα ἀλλ' ἀρχὴν ποσότητος. Μονάδος οὖν καὶ μονάδος συνερχομένων γίνονται δύο, ὥστε οὐ διαίρεσίς ἐστιν ἡ ποσότης ἀλλὰ σωρεία καὶ συνάφεια μονάδων· τὸ μὲν γὰρ τὰ δύο διελεῖν εἰς ἓν καὶ ἓν ἀνὰ μέρος, τοῦτο διαίρεσίς ἐστι, τὸ δὲ τὸ ἓν καὶ ἓν δύο εἰπεῖν, τοῦτο μᾶλλον συνάφειά ἐστιν. Ἰστέον δέ, ὅτι ποσότης μέν ἐστιν αὐτὸ τὸ μέτρον καὶ ὁ ἀριθμὸς ὁ μετρῶν καὶ ἀριθμῶν, ποσὰ δὲ τὰ τῷ ἀριθμῷ καὶ τῷ μέτρῳ