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some are easily and readily disposed to compunction, but others are hard-hearted and stony-hearted, and are not pricked even when struck. How then can those who are so disposed weep and mourn and always partake with tears? But also the priests themselves, celebrating the divine and bloodless liturgy, how can they weep?""This very thing then, this being hard, as you say, and difficult to move to compunction, whence did it come to them, tell me if you know? But if you do not know, unashamedly yielding a little of your highness and inclining your ear kindly, do not disdain to learn from me, the least. For it is written: 'But if it is revealed to the last, let the first be silent'.

"Whence then," he says, "is one hard, and another easily moved to compunction?" Listen. From choice, the one good, the other bad; and from thoughts, the one wicked, the other of such a kind; and from actions, the one contrary, the other God-loving. And if you please, examine and you will find all those from eternity through these three things alone, that many from good became wicked and from wicked good. For whence—that I may enumerate them from the beginning—did Lucifer fall? Was it not by choice and by assenting to a wicked thought? Whence did Cain become a fratricide? Was it not that by a wicked choice he preferred himself to the Creator, and by following wicked thoughts, he became given over to envy and committed the murder? And whence did Saul seek to seize and kill David, whom he had formerly honored as himself and loved exceedingly as a benefactor? (62) from nature or from a wicked choice? it is clear that it was from a wicked choice; for by nature no one was created wicked, since God is not a maker of wicked works, but of exceedingly good ones, being indeed very good, and this not by position and choice, but by nature and truth. In addition to these, whence did the one thief, who was crucified with the Lord Jesus Christ, say: 'If you are the Son of God, save yourself and us,' while the other rebuked him: 'Do you not even fear God? For we indeed justly, for we have received what is worthy of what we have done, but this man has done nothing wrong'? Whence, tell me, did the one say these things, and the other those? And the one was justified, and the other was condemned? Was it not from the choice of each, and from thoughts, the one good, the other wicked? For from these things, the one possessing unbelief, and the other faith, said: 'Remember me, Lord, in your kingdom'.

But that I may pass over the others, who are many, from these things which I wish to say, learn and be taught that by the self-determination of choice each one becomes either compunctious and humble, or hard-hearted and proud. And reasonably so. For of two renouncing the world—of the same trade, of the same race, of the same age, sometimes even brothers, of one mind, of like character, wicked, I say, and hard, merciless, most cruel, lovers of the flesh and lovers of money, and having pursued every form of evil and wickedness equally—and upon their entering together into the stadium of asceticism, the one of them achieves every virtue at once, with the zeal of faith and purpose, making a cutting-off of all evils, while the other becomes worse than he was before he made his renunciation. Whence then were the things of virtue not equally accomplished by them, (63) just as the things of evil were brought to a peak? Was it not that the one, with the purpose of a good soul, endured all painful things according to God, and in addition to these, from his very entry and renunciation, he paid attention mindfully to the divine Scriptures and from within, from himself, chose to do the good, imitating the lives of the more devout men and competing with them in fasts and prayers, in supplications, in silence of lips, in compunction and tears, in abstinence from pleasant foods and untimely conversations, in abstinence from temper and anger and clamor, enduring with labor insults and afflictions and hardships, and the

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μέν εὐχερῶς καί ἐξ ἑτοίμου πρός κατάνυξιν ἔχουσιν, οἱ δέ σκληροκάρδιοί τινες καί λιθοκάρδιοι ὄντες, οὐδέ τυπτόμενοι κατανύσσονται. Οἱ οὖν οὕτως ἔχοντες, πῶς κλαίειν καί πενθεῖν δύνανται καί μετά δακρύων ἀεί κοινωνεῖν; Ἀλλά καί οἱ ἱερεῖς αὐτοί τήν θείαν καί ἀναίμακτον λειτουργίαν ἐπιτελοῦντες, πῶς δύνανται κλαίειν;""Αὐτό οὖν τοῦτο τό εἶναι σκληρούς, ὥς φατε, καί πρός κατάνυξιν δυσκινήτους, πόθεν αὐτοῖς, εἴπατε εἰ ἐπίστασθε, προσεγένετο; Εἰ δ᾿ ἀγνοεῖτε, μικρόν τι τοῦ ὕψους ὑμῶν ἀνεπαισχύντες ὑφέντες καί τήν ἀκοήν εὐμενῶς ὑποκλίναντες, μή ἀπαξιώσητε μαθεῖν ἐξ ἐμοῦ τοῦ ἐσχάτου. Γέγραπται γάρ· "Ἐάν δέ τῷ ἐσχάτῳ ἀποκαλυφθῇ, ὁ πρῶτος σιγάτω ".

"Πόθεν οὖν, φησίν, ὁ μέν σκληρός, ὁ δέ εὐκατάνυκτος;" Ἄκουσον. Ἐκ προαιρέσεως ὁ μέν ἀγαθῆς, ὁ δέ φαύλης· καί ἐξ ἐννοιῶν ὁ μέν πονηρῶν, ὁ δέ τοιούτων· καί ἐκ πράξεων ὁ μέν ἐναντίων, ὁ δέ φιλοθέων. Καί εἰ δοκεῖ, σκόπησον καί εὑρήσεις ἅπαντας τούς ἐξ αἰῶνος διά μόνων τῶν τριῶν τούτων, ὅτι πολλοί ἐξ ἀγαθῶν ἐγένοντο πονηροί καί ἐκ πονηρῶν ἀγαθοί. Πόθεν γάρ ἵνα ἄνωθεν αὐτούς ἐπαριθμήσωμαι , ὁ Ἑωσφόρος ἐξέπεσεν; οὐχί προαιρέσει καί λογισμῷ συγκαταθέμενος πονηρῷ; Πόθεν ὁ Κάϊν ἀδελφοκτόνος ἐγένετο; οὐχί τῇ πονηρᾷ προαιρέσει ἑαυτόν τοῦ Ποιητοῦ προτιμήσας καί λογισμοῖς πονηροῖς ἐξακολουθήσας, τῷ φθόνῳ ἔκδοτος γέγονε καί τόν φόνον εἰργάσατο; Πόθεν δέ ὁ Σαούλ ἐζήτει κρατῆσαι καί ἀποκτεῖναι τόν ∆αυίδ, ὅν ὡς ἑαυτόν ἐτίμα τό πρότερον καί ὑπερηγάπα ὡς εὐεργέτην; (62) ἐκ φύσεως ἤ ἐκ πονηρᾶς προαιρέσεως; εὔδηλον ὅτι ἐκ πονηρᾶς προαιρέσεως· ἐκ φύσεως γάρ οὐδείς ἐγένετο πονηρός, ἐπειδή οὐδέ πονηρῶν ἔργων ποιητής ὁ Θεός, ἀλλά λίαν καλῶν, μάλα δή ἀγαθός ὤν καί τοῦτο οὐ θέσει καί προαιρέσει, ἀλλά φύσσει καί ἀληθείᾳ. Πρός τούτοις πόθεν ὁ μέν εἷς ληστής, ὁ συσταυρωθείς τῷ ∆εσπότῃ Ἰησοῦ Χριστῷ, ἔλεγεν· "Εἰ Υἱός εἶ τοῦ Θεοῦ, σῶσον σεαυτόν καί ἡμᾶς", ὁ δέ ἕτερος αὐτῷ ἀνθυπέφερεν· "Οὐδέ φοβῇ σύ τόν Θεόν; ὅτι ἡμεῖς μέν δικαίως, ἄξια γάρ ὧν ἐπράξαμεν ἀπελάβομεν, οὗτος δέ οὐδέν ἄτοπον ἔπραξε"; Πόθεν, εἰπέ μοι, ὁ μέν ταῦτα, ὁ δέ ἐκεῖνα ἐφθέγξατο; καί ὁ μέν ἐδικαιώθη, ὁ δέ κατεκρίθη; Οὐχί ἐκ προαιρέσεως ἕκαστος καί λογισμῶν ὁ μέν ἀγαθῶν, ὁ δέ πονηρῶν; Ἐκ τούτων γάρ καί ὁ μέν ἀπιστίαν, ὁ δέ πίστιν κτησάμενος ἔλεγε· "Μνήσθητί μου, Κύριε, ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ σου".

Ἵνα δέ τούς ἄλλους παρήσω πολλούς ὄντας, ἐκ τούτων ὧν εἰπεῖν βούλομαι μάθετε καί διδάχθητε ὅτι προαιρέσεως αὐτεξουσιότητι ἕκαστος, ἤ κατανυκτικός καί ταπεινός, ἤ σκληροκάρδιος καί ὑπερήφανος γίνεται. Καί εἰκότως. ∆ύο γάρ τινων ἀποτασσομένων τῷ βίῳ ὁμοτέχνων, ὁμογενῶν, συνηλικιωτῶν, ἔσθ᾿ ὅτε καί ἀδελφῶν, ὁμογνωμόνων, ὁμοτρόπων, πονηρῶν, φημί, καί σκληρῶν, ἀσπλάχνων, ὠμοτάτων, φιλασάρκων καί φιλαργύρων καί πᾶν εἶδος κακίας καί πονηρίας μετελθόντων ἐπίσης, καί εἰσερχομένων αὐτῶν ἅμα εἰς τό τῆς ἀσκήσεως στάδιον, ὁ μέν αὐτῶν κατορθοῖ πᾶσαν ὁμοῦ ἀρετήν, ζέσει πίστεως καί προθέσεως, πάντων ἀποκοπήν ποιούμενος τῶν κακῶν, ὁ δέ χείρων ἤ ὅπερ ἦν πρό τοῦ ἀποτάξασθαι γίνεται. Πόθεν οὖν οὐκ ἐπίσης καί τά τῆς ἀρετῆς αὐτοῖς κατωρθώθη, (63) ὥσπερ καί τά τῆς κακίας ἐκορυφώθη; Οὐχί ὅτι ὁ μέν προθέσει ψυχῆς ἀγαθῆς πάντα τά κατά Θεόν ὑπέμεινε λυπηρά, καί πρός τούτοις προσέχων ἦν ἐξ αὐτῆς εἰσόδου καί ἀποταγῆς νουνεχῶς ταῖς θείαις Γραφαῖς καί οἴκοθεν ἀφ᾿ ἑαυτοῦ τό ἀγαθόν ποιεῖν ἐξελέξατο, μιμούμενος τούς τῶν εὐλαβεστέρων ἀνδρῶν βίους καί συναμιλλώμενος αὐτοῖς ἐν νηστείαις καί προσευχαῖς, ἐν δεήσεσιν, ἐν σιωπῇ χειλέων, ἐν κατανύξει καί δάκρυσιν, ἐν ἀποχῇ βρωμάτων ἡδέων καί ἀκαίρων ὁμιλιῶν, ἐν ἀποχῇ θυμοῦ καί ὀργῆς καί κραυγῆς, ὑπομένων ἐμπόνως ὕβρεις καί θλίψεις καί στενοχωρίας, καί τά