22

they would go away, four miles from the same fortress, which to this day is called Klisa because it shuts in those who pass through it. And from there they would go away to the river. This sort of patrol having gone on for many years, the Slavs from the other side of the river, who are also called Avars, considered among themselves, saying: "These Romans, since they have crossed over and found booty, will from now on not cease crossing over against us, and for this reason we shall devise a plan against them." And so the Slavs, who are also Avars, having taken council, when the Romans had once crossed over, set ambushes and fought and defeated them. And having taken up their arms and their banners and the other military standards, the aforesaid Slavs crossed the river and came to the pass. And when the Romans who were there saw them, and beheld the banners and the equipment of their own countrymen, they thought them to be their own countrymen, and when the aforesaid Slavs reached the pass, they allowed them to pass through. But when they had passed through, they immediately drove out the Romans and took Salona, the aforementioned fortress. And having settled there, from that time, beginning little by little to plunder the Romans who were living in the plains and in higher places, they destroyed them and took possession of their lands. But the remaining Romans were saved in the coastal fortresses, and to this day they hold them, which are Dekatera, Raousin, Aspalathon, Tetrangourin, Diadora, Arbe, Bekla, and Opsara, whose inhabitants are to this day called Romans. That from the reign of Heraclius, emperor of the Romans, in the manner which will be told in the account concerning the Croats and Serbs, all of Dalmatia and the nations around it, such as Croats, Serbs, Zachlumoi, Terbouniotes, Kanalites, Diocletians and Arentanoi, who are also addressed as Pagani, ***. But since the empire of the Romans had been nearly reduced to nothing through the sloth and foolishness of those then ruling, and especially under Michael of Amorium, the Stammerer, the inhabitants of the fortresses of Dalmatia became independent, subject neither to the emperor of the Romans nor to any other, but also the nations there, the Croats and Serbs and Zachlumoi and Terbouniotes and Kanalites and Diocletians and the Pagani, having cast off the bridle of the empire of the Romans, have become self-governing and independent, subject to no one. But these nations, they say, had no archons, except for elder župans, as is also the custom for the other Sclavinias. But also the majority of these Slavs were not even baptized, but for a long time remained unbaptized. But under Basil, the Christ-loving emperor, they sent legates, asking and entreating him that those of them who were unbaptized might be baptized and be, as from the beginning, subject to the empire of the Romans. And that blessed and renowned emperor, having listened to them, sent an imperial agent with priests, and baptized all of them among the aforesaid nations who happened to be unbaptized. And after baptizing them, he then appointed for them archons, whom they themselves wished and preferred, from the family which they themselves loved and cherished. And from that time to the present, archons for them come from the same families, and not from another. But the Pagani, who in the dialect of the Romans are called Arentanoi, were left unbaptized in inaccessible and precipitous places. For indeed Pagani, according to the language of the Slavs, is interpreted as "unbaptized". But after this they too sent to the same renowned emperor and requested to be baptized themselves also, and he sent and baptized them too. But since, as we said before, through the sloth and foolishness of the rulers the affairs of the Romans fell behind, and those of Dalmatia

22

ἀπήρχοντο, τὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ αὐτοῦ κάστρου ὑπάρχουσαν μίλια τέσσαρα, ἥτις καὶ μέχρι τοῦ νῦν καλεῖται Κλεῖσα διὰ τὸ συγκλείειν τοὺς διερχομένους ἐκεῖθεν. Καὶ ἐκ τῶν ἐκεῖσε ἀπήρχοντο πρὸς τὸν ποταμόν. Τὸ οὖν τοιοῦτον ἀλλάγιον ἐπὶ πολλοὺς χρόνους γινόμενον, οἱ ἐκεῖθεν τοῦ ποταμοῦ Σκλάβοι, οἱ καὶ Ἄβαροι καλούμενοι, καθ' ἑαυτοὺς ἐσκόπησαν λέγοντες, ὅτι· "Οὗτοι οἱ Ῥωμᾶνοι, ἐπεὶ ἐπέρασαν καὶ εὗρον πραῖδαν, ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν καθ' ἡμῶν οὐ μὴ παύσονται διαπερῶντες, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο μηχανησόμεθα κατ' αὐτῶν." Οὕτως οὖν οἱ Σκλάβοι, οἱ καὶ Ἄβαροι, βουλευσάμενοι, καὶ διαπερασάντων ποτὲ τῶν Ῥωμάνων, ποιήσαντες οὗτοι ἐγκρύμματα καὶ πολεμήσαντες, ἐνίκησαν αὐτούς. Καὶ ἀναλαβόμενοι τά τε ὅπλα αὐτῶν καὶ τὰ φλάμμουλα καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ πολεμικὰ σημεῖα, διαπεράσαντες οἱ προειρημένοι Σκλάβοι τὸν ποταμόν, ἦλθον εἰς τὴν κλεισοῦραν, οὓς καὶ ἰδόντες οἱ ἐκεῖσε ὄντες Ῥωμᾶνοι, θεασάμενοι δὲ τὰ φλάμμουλα καὶ τὴν ἐξόπλισιν τῶν ὁμοφύλων αὐτῶν, τοὺς αὐτῶν ὁμοφύλους εἶναι νομίσαντες, ἡνίκα κατέλαβον οἱ Σκλάβοι οἱ προρρηθέντες εἰς τὴν κλεισοῦραν, παρεχώρησαν αὐτοῖς διελθεῖν. ∆ιελθόντων δέ, εὐθὺς τοὺς Ῥωμάνους οὗτοι ἐξήλασαν, καὶ τὴν Σαλῶνα, τὸ προειρημένον κάστρον ἐκράτησαν. Καὶ κατοικήσαντες ἐκεῖσε, ἔκτοτε κατὰ μικρὸν ἀρξάμενοι πραιδεύειν τοὺς Ῥωμάνους, τοὺς εἰς τοὺς κάμπους καὶ εἰς ὑψηλότερα μέρη κατοικοῦντας, ἠφάνισαν καὶ τοὺς τόπους αὐτῶν κατεκράτησαν. Οἱ δὲ λοιποὶ Ῥωμᾶνοι εἰς τὰ τῆς παραλίας κάστρα διεσώθησαν, καὶ μέχρι τοῦ νῦν κρατοῦσιν αὐτά, ἅτινά εἰσιν τὰ ∆εκάτερα, τὸ Ῥαούσιν, τὸ Ἀσπάλαθον, τὸ Τετραγγούριν, τὰ ∆ιάδωρα, ἡ Ἄρβη, ἡ Βέκλα καὶ τὰ Ὄψαρα, ὧντινων καὶ οἰκήτορες μέχρι τοῦ νῦν Ῥωμᾶνοικαλοῦνται. Ὅτι ἀπὸ τῆς βασιλείας Ἡρακλείου, τοῦ βασιλέως Ῥωμαίων,καθ' ὃν μέλλει τρόπον ῥηθήσεσθαι ἐν τῇ περὶ τῶν Χρωβάτων καὶ Σέρβλων συγγραφῇ, πᾶσα ἡ ∆ελματία καὶ τὰ περὶ αὐτὴν ἔθνη, οἷον Χρωβάτοι, Σέρβλοι, Ζαχλοῦμοι, Τερβουνιῶται, Καναλῖται, ∆ιοκλητιανοὶ καὶ Ἀρεντανοί, οἱ καὶ Παγανοὶ προσαγορευόμενοι, ***. Τῆς δὲ τῶν Ῥωμαίων βασιλείας διὰ τὴν τῶν τότε κρατούντων νωθρότητα καὶ ἀφέλειαν εἰς τὸ μηδὲν παράπαν μικροῦ δεῖν ἐναπονευσάσης, καὶ μάλιστα δὲ ἐπὶ Μιχαὴλ τοῦ ἐξ Ἀμορίου, τοῦ Τραυλοῦ, οἱ τὰ τῆς ∆ελματίας κάστρα οἰκοῦντες γεγόνασιν αὐτοκέφαλοι, μήτε τῷ βασιλεῖ Ῥωμαίων, μήτε ἑτέρῳ τινὶ ὑποκείμενοι, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰ ἐκεῖσε ἔθνη, οἵ τε Χρωβάτοι καὶ Σέρβλοι καὶ Ζαχλοῦμοι καὶ Τερβουνιῶται τε καὶ Καναλῖται καὶ ∆ιοκλητιανοὶ καὶ οἱ Παγανοί, τῆς τῶν Ῥωμαίων βασιλείας ἀφηνιάσαντες γεγόνασιν ἰδιόρρυθμοι καὶ αὐτοκέφαλοι, τινὶ μὴ ὑποκείμενοι. Ἄρχοντας δέ, ὥς φασι, ταῦτα τὰ ἔθνη μὴ ἔχειν, πλὴν ζουπάνους γέροντας, καθὼς καὶ αἱ λοιπαὶ Σκλαβηνίαι ἔχουσι τύπον. Ἀλλὰ καὶ οἱ πλείονες τῶν τοιούτων Σκλάβων οὐδὲ ἐβαπτίζοντο, ἀλλὰ μέχρι πολλοῦ ἔμενον ἀβάπτιστοι. Ἐπὶ δὲ Βασιλείου, τοῦ φιλοχρίστου βασιλέως, ἀπέστειλαν ἀποκρισιαρίους, ἐξαιτούμενοι καὶ παρακαλοῦντες αὐτὸν τοὺς ἐξ αὐτῶν ἀβαπτίστους βαπτισθῆναι καὶ εἶναι, ὡς τὸ ἐξ ἀρχῆς, ὑποτεταγμένους τῇ βασιλείᾳ τῶν Ῥωμαίων, ὧντινων εἰσακούσας ὁ μακάριος ἐκεῖνος καὶ ἀοίδιμος βασιλεύς, ἐξαπέστειλεν βασιλικὸν μετὰ καὶ ἱερέων, καὶ ἐβάπτισεν αὐτοὺς πάντας τοὺς τῶν προρρηθέντων ἐθνῶν ἀβαπτίστους τυγχάνοντας, καὶ μετὰ τὸ βαπτίσαι αὐτοὺς τότε προεβάλετο εἰς αὐτοὺς ἄρχοντας, οὓς ἐκεῖνοι ἤθελον καὶ προέκριναν, ἀπὸ τῆς γενεᾶς, ἧς ἐκεῖνοι ἠγάπων καὶ ἔστεργον. Καὶ ἔκτοτε μέχρι τοῦ νῦν ἐκ τῶν αὐτῶν γενεῶν γίνονται ἄρχοντες εἰς αὐτούς, καὶ οὐκ ἐξ ἑτέρας. Οἱ δὲ Παγανοί, οἱ καὶ τῇ Ῥωμαίων διαλέκτῳ Ἀρεντανοὶ καλούμενοι, εἰς δυσβάτους τόπους καὶ κρημνώδεις κατελείφθησαν ἀβάπτιστοι. Καὶ γὰρ Παγανοὶ κατὰ τὴν τῶν Σκλάβων γλῶσσαν "ἀβάπτιστοι" ἑρμηνεύεται. Μετὰ δὲ τοῦτο καὶ αὐτοὶ ἀποστείλαντες εἰς τὸν αὐτὸν ἀοίδιμον βασιλέα, ἐξῃτήσαντο βαπτισθῆναι καὶ αὐτοί, καὶ ἀποστείλας ἐβάπτισεν καὶ αὐτούς. Ἐπεὶ δέ, ὡς προέφημεν, ὅτι διὰ τὴν τῶν κρατούντων νωθρότητα καὶ ἀφέλειαν εἰς κατόπιν τὰ τῶν Ῥωμαίων ἦλθον πράγματα, καὶ οἱ τὰ τῆς ∆ελματίας