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2.5.3 Chosen as ambassadors, they came to Gaius. And one of the Alexandrian ambassadors was Apion, who uttered many blasphemies against the Jews, saying, among other things, that they neglected the honors of Caesar; 2.5.4 for while all who were subject to Roman rule had erected altars and temples to Gaius and in all other respects received him as they did the gods, these people alone considered it dishonorable to honor him with statues and to swear by his name. And when Apion had spoken many harsh things by which he hoped Gaius would be stirred up, as was likely, Philo, the leader of the Jewish embassy, a man in all respects renowned, being the brother of Alexander the Alabarch and not unskilled in philosophy, was about to proceed with a defense against the accusations, 2.5.5 but Gaius cut him off, ordering him to get out of his sight, and being very angry, he was clearly about to do something terrible to them. And Philo went out, having been grossly insulted, and said to the Jews who were with him that they must be of good courage, for while Gaius was angry with them, God was in fact already setting himself against him.” 2.5.6 So says Josephus. And Philo himself, in the Embassy which he wrote, sets forth in precise detail the events which then happened to him; but omitting most of these, I will put forward only those things through which a clear demonstration will become evident to the readers of the things that befell the Jews at that time and not long after, on account of what they had dared to do against Christ. 2.5.7 First, then, in the time of Tiberius, he relates that in the city of Rome, Sejanus, who at that time had great influence with the emperor, had made an effort to destroy the entire nation utterly; and in Judea, Pilate, under whom the deeds against the Savior were dared, greatly disturbed them by attempting something against what was permitted to the Jews, concerning the temple still standing in Jerusalem. 2.6.1 And after the death of Tiberius, Gaius, having taken over the rule, committed many other outrages against many people, but he especially harmed the entire nation of the Jews in no small way; which things it is possible to learn in brief from his own words, in which he writes these things word for word: 2.6.2 “Such, then, was the perversity of Gaius’s character towards all, but especially toward the Jewish race, which he grievously hated, and he seized their prayer-houses in the other cities, beginning with those in Alexandria, filling them with images and statues of his own form—for he who permitted others to dedicate them, in effect set them up himself—and the temple in the holy city, which had remained inviolate, being deemed worthy of all asylum, he converted and transformed into his own temple, that it might be called the temple of the New Zeus Epiphanes Gaius.” 2.6.3 Countless other terrible things, indeed, beyond all narration, which happened to the Jews in Alexandria under the aforementioned emperor, the same author relates in the second book of his work entitled “On the Virtues”; and Josephus agrees with him, likewise indicating that the misfortunes against the whole nation began from the times of Pilate and of the deeds dared against the Savior. 2.6.4 Listen, then, to what this author also sets forth in the second book of the Jewish War, saying in these very syllables: “But Pilate, having been sent to Judea as procurator by Tiberius, by night brought into Jerusalem, under cover, the images of Caesar, which are called standards. When day broke, this raised the greatest commotion among the Jews. For those nearby were astounded at the sight, as if their laws had been trampled upon; for they do not permit any image to be set up in the city.” 2.6.5 And comparing these things with the writing of the Gospels, you will see that not long after, there came upon them that cry which they uttered before Pilate himself, through which they shouted that they had no other king but Caesar. 2.6.6 Then the same writer relates that another calamity in succession came upon them in these words: “And after these things he stirred up another tumult, by expending the sacred treasure, which is called corbanas, for the construction of an aqueduct; and it came down from three hundred stades away. At this there was indignation from the multitude, and when Pilate was present in Jerusalem,

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2.5.3 πρεσβευταὶ αἱρεθέντες παρῆσαν πρὸς τὸν Γάϊον. καὶ ἦν γὰρ τῶν Ἀλεξανδρέων πρέσβεων εἷς Ἀπίων, ὃς πολλὰ εἰς τοὺς Ἰουδαίους ἐβλασφήμησεν, ἄλλα τε λέγων καὶ ὡς τῶν Καίσαρος τιμῶν περιορῷεν· πάντων γοῦν, ὅσοι τῇ Ῥωμαίων ἀρχῇ ὑποτελεῖς εἶεν, βωμοὺς τῷ Γαΐῳ καὶ ναοὺς ἱδρυμένων τά τε ἄλλα ἐν πᾶσιν αὐτὸν ὥσπερ τοὺς θεοὺς δεχομένων, μόνους τούσδε ἄδοξον ἡγεῖσθαι ἀνδριᾶσι τιμᾶν καὶ ὅρκιον αὐτοῦ τὸ 2.5.4 ὄνομα ποιεῖσθαι· πολλὰ δὲ καὶ χαλεπὰ Ἀπίωνος εἰρηκότος, ὑφ' ὧν ἀρθῆναι ἤλπιζεν τὸν Γάϊον καὶ εἰκὸς ἦν, Φίλων ὁ προεστὼς τῶν Ἰουδαίων τῆς πρεσβείας, ἀνὴρ τὰ πάντα ἔνδοξος Ἀλεξάνδρου τε τοῦ ἀλαβάρχου ἀδελφὸς ὢν καὶ φιλοσοφίας οὐκ ἄπειρος, οἷός τε ἦν ἐπ' ἀπολογίᾳ χωρεῖν τῶν κατηγορημένων, 2.5.5 διακλείει δ' αὐτὸν Γάϊος, κελεύσας ἐκποδὼν ἀπελθεῖν, περιοργής 2.5.5 τε ὢν φανερὸς ἦν ἐργασόμενός τι δεινὸν αὐτούς. ὁ δὲ Φίλων ἔξεισι περιυβρισμένος, καί φησιν πρὸς τοὺς Ἰουδαίους οἳ περὶ αὐτὸν ἦσαν, ὡς χρὴ θαρρεῖν, Γαΐου μὲν αὐτοῖς ὠργισμένου, ἔργῳ δὲ ἤδη τὸν θεὸν ἀντιπαρεξάγοντος». 2.5.6 ταῦτα ὁ Ἰώσηπος. καὶ αὐτὸς δὲ ὁ Φίλων ἐν ᾗ συνέγραψεν Πρεσβείᾳ τὰ κατὰ μέρος ἀκριβῶς τῶν τότε πραχθέντων αὐτῷ δηλοῖ, ὧν τὰ πλεῖστα παρείς, ἐκεῖνα μόνα παραθήσομαι, δι' ὧν τοῖς ἐντυγχάνουσι προφανὴς γενήσεται δήλωσις τῶν ἅμα τε καὶ οὐκ εἰς μακρὸν τῶν κατὰ τοῦ Χριστοῦ τετολμημένων ἕνεκεν Ἰουδαίοις συμβεβηκότων. 2.5.7 Πρῶτον δὴ οὖν κατὰ Τιβέριον ἐπὶ μὲν τῆς Ῥωμαίων πόλεως ἱστορεῖ Σηιανόν, τῶν τότε παρὰ βασιλεῖ πολλὰ δυνάμενον, ἄρδην τὸ πᾶν ἔθνος ἀπολέσθαι σπουδὴν εἰσαγηοχέναι, ἐπὶ δὲ τῆς Ἰουδαίας Πιλᾶτον, καθ' ὃν τὰ περὶ τὸν σωτῆρα τετόλμητο, περὶ τὸ ἐν Ἱεροσολύμοις ἔτι τότε συνεστὸς ἱερὸν ἐπιχειρήσαντά τι παρὰ τὸ Ἰουδαίοις ἐξόν, τὰ μέγιστα αὐτοὺς ἀναταράξαι. 2.6.1 μετὰ δὲ τὴν Τιβερίου τελευτὴν Γάϊον τὴν ἀρχὴν παρειληφότα, πολλὰ μὲν εἰς πολλοὺς καὶ ἄλλα ἐνυβρίσαι, πάντων δὲ μάλιστα τὸ πᾶν Ἰουδαίων ἔθνος οὐ σμικρὰ καταβλάψαι· ἃ καὶ ἐν βραχεῖ πάρεστιν διὰ τῶν αὐτοῦ καταμαθεῖν φωνῶν, ἐν αἷς κατὰ λέξιν ταῦτα γράφει· 2.6.2 «τοσαύτη μὲν οὖν τις ἡ τοῦ Γαΐου περὶ τὸ ἦθος ἦν ἀνωμαλία πρὸς ἅπαντας, διαφερόντως δὲ πρὸς τὸ Ἰουδαίων γένος, ᾧ χαλεπῶς ἀπεχθανόμενος τὰς μὲν ἐν ταῖς ἄλλαις πόλεσιν προσευχάς, ἀπὸ τῶν κατ' Ἀλεξάνδρειαν ἀρξάμενος, σφετερίζεται, καταπλήσας εἰκόνων καὶ ἀνδριάντων τῆς ἰδίας μορφῆς, ὁ γὰρ ἑτέρων ἀνατιθέντων ἐφιείς, αὐτὸς ἱδρύετο δυνάμει, τὸν δ' ἐν τῇ ἱεροπόλει νεών, ὃς λοιπὸς ἦν ἄψαυστος, ἀσυλίας ἠξιωμένος τῆς πάσης, μεθηρμόζετο καὶ μετεσχημάτιζεν εἰς οἰκεῖον ἱερόν, ἵνα ∆ιὸς Ἐπιφανοῦς Νέου χρηματίζῃ Γαΐου». 2.6.3 μυρία μὲν οὖν ἄλλα δεινὰ καὶ πέρα πάσης διηγήσεως ὁ αὐτὸς κατὰ τὴν Ἀλεξάνδρειαν συμβεβηκότα Ἰουδαίοις ἐπὶ τοῦ δηλουμένου ἐν δευτέρῳ συγγράμματι ὧν ἐπέγραψεν «Περὶ ἀρετῶν» ἱστορεῖ· συνᾴδει δ' αὐτῷ καὶ ὁ Ἰώσηπος, ὁμοίως ἀπὸ τῶν Πιλάτου χρόνων καὶ τῶν κατὰ τοῦ σωτῆρος τετολμημένων τὰς κατὰ παντὸς τοῦ ἔθνους ἐνάρξασθαι σημαίνων συμφοράς. 2.6.4 ἄκουε δ' οὖν οἷα καὶ οὗτος ἐν δευτέρῳ τοῦ Ἰουδαϊκοῦ πολέμου αὐταῖς συλλαβαῖς δηλοῖ λέγων· «πεμφθεὶς δὲ εἰς Ἰουδαίαν ἐπίτροπος ὑπὸ Τιβερίου Πιλᾶτος νύκτωρ κεκαλυμμένας εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα παρεισκομίζει τὰς Καίσαρος εἰκόνας· σημαῖαι καλοῦνται. τοῦτο μεθ' ἡμέραν μεγίστην ταραχὴν ἤγειρεν τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις. οἵ τε γὰρ ἐγγὺς πρὸς τὴν ὄψιν ἐξεπλάγησαν, ὡς πεπατημένων αὐτοῖς τῶν νόμων· οὐδὲν γὰρ ἀξιοῦσιν ἐν τῇ πόλει δείκηλον τίθεσθαι». 2.6.5 ταῦτα δὲ συγκρίνας τῇ τῶν εὐαγγελίων γραφῇ, εἴσῃ ὡς οὐκ εἰς μακρὸν αὐτοὺς μετῆλθεν ἣν ἔρρηξαν ἐπ' αὐτοῦ Πιλάτου φωνήν, δι' ἧς οὐκ ἄλλον ἢ μόνον ἔχειν ἐπεβόων Καίσαρα βασιλέα. 2.6.6 εἶτα δὲ καὶ ἄλλην ἑξῆς ὁ αὐτὸς συγγραφεὺς ἱστορεῖ μετελθεῖν αὐτοὺς συμφορὰν ἐν τούτοις· «μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα ταραχὴν ἑτέραν ἐκίνει, τὸν ἱερὸν θησαυρόν, καλεῖται δὲ κορβανᾶς, εἰς καταγωγὴν ὑδάτων ἐξαναλίσκων· κατῄει δὲ ἀπὸ τριακοσίων σταδίων. πρὸς τοῦτο τοῦ πλήθους ἀγανάκτησις ἦν, καὶ τοῦ Πιλάτου παρόντος εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα,