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of these parts, but that of the Scythians and the Ethiopians is larger, and that of the Indians and the Celts is smaller. And the size of the place for each pair is similar to the other's. For the Indians are between the summer and winter risings, while the Celts occupy the land from the summer to the winter settings. And this interval is equal to that one and in a way most opposite. But the dwelling of the Scythians occupies the remaining place of the sun's circuit, and it lies opposite to the nation of the Ethiopians, which seems to extend from the winter risings to the shortest settings. Marginal note 2.80 This Ephorus is an ancient writer, a philosopher and historian. Ephorus, both in word and in his account, as does the divine Scripture, accurately describes the position of the earth and the revolution of the stars. But Pytheas of Massalia says in his work on the Ocean that when he arrived in the northernmost places, the barbarians there showed him the bed of the sun, as it was there that the nights always happened among them. But Xenophanes of Colophon, supposing the earth to be infinite, is clearly not accepting the sphere. And these things the outsiders are found to have said, agreeing with the divine Scripture. The text 2.81 But we, following the sequence, again propose, saying that the four rivers, which the divine Scripture says go out of paradise, cut through the Ocean and come up in this land. The Pishon is in the land of India, which some call the Indus or the Ganges; coming down from somewhere in the interior, it has many mouths in the Indian sea. And this river also has seed-pods and the so-called Nile-goods and leaves and lotuses and crocodiles and other things, which the Nile has. The Gihon, passing through from the parts of Ethiopia, all of Ethiopia and Egypt, sends its mouths out to the gulf near us, while the Tigris and Euphrates, passing through from the parts of Persarmenia, as far as the Persian Gulf. So much for our account of these matters. Marginal note 2.82 The divine Scripture, wishing to indicate the extent of paradise, how large and extensive it is in the land of the east, mentioned only these four rivers, as from the spring that comes up in Eden and waters paradise, the remaining water is divided into these four rivers; and passing through into this land, they again water much land. The text 2.83 With the luminaries, therefore, running their course in this way and making nights and days and seasons and years, and being for signs to those sailing seas or traversing a desert, and shining upon the earth, we will not say that they are moved by the revolution of heaven, but rather by rational Powers, like certain torch-bearers, as we will show the divine Scripture declares. For the divine Apostle, teaching about the Adversary what his work was from the beginning, says thus: "According to the ruler of the authority of the air, of the spirit that is now at work in the sons of disobedience," clearly teaching that he was formerly the ruler of the authority to move the air and to change it, but now having been cast out no longer has this rank, but rather works from malice upon sinners, as it is clear from this that he did not have the power to do this alone, but also many others with him. 2.84 For some of the angels were permitted to move the air, others the sun, others the moon, others the stars, others working clouds and rains, and many other things; for this is the work and law of the angelic orders and Powers, to minister for the benefit and honor of the image of God, that is, of man, and to move all things, as obedient soldiers of the king. For this work they were commanded to do on the fourth day, when He also adorned the heaven with stars. 2.85 But the work of the opposing demons is to do things to the harm of the image, as rebels; for they too, having transgressed the command on the fourth day, were cast down from heaven, just as also elsewhere thus

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τούτων τῶν μερῶν, ἀλλὰ τὸ μὲν τῶν Σκυθῶν καὶ τῶν Αἰθιόπων μεῖζον, τὸ δὲ τῶν Ἰνδῶν καὶ τῶν Κελτῶν ἔλαττον. Καὶ παραπλήσιον ἑκατέρων ἀλλήλοις ἔχει τοῦ τόπου τὸ μέγεθος. Οἱ μὲν γὰρ Ἰνδοί εἰσι μεταξὺ θερινῶν καὶ χειμερινῶν ἀνατολῶν, Κελτοὶ δὲ τὴν ἀπὸ θερινῶν μέχρι χειμερινῶν δυσμῶν χώραν κατέχουσι. Καὶ τοῦτο μὲν ἴσον ἐστὶν ἐκείνῳ τὸ διάστημα καὶ μάλιστά πως ἀντικείμενον. Ἡ δὲ τῶν Σκυθῶν κατοίκησις τοῦ μὲν ἡλίου τῆς περιφορᾶς τὸν διαλείποντα κατέχει τόπον, ἀντίκειται δὲ πρὸς τὸ τῶν Αἰθιόπων ἔθνος, ὃ δοκεῖ παρατείνειν ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν χειμερινῶν μέχρι δυσμῶν τῶν βραχυτάτων. Παραγραφή 2.80 Οὗτος ὁ Ἔφορος παλαιός ἐστι συγγραφεύς, φιλόσοφος καὶ ἱστοριογράφος. Ἀκριβῶς ὁ Ἔφορος καὶ λόγῳ καὶ τῇ καταγραφῇ, ὡς ἡ θεία Γραφή, διηγεῖται τὴν θέσιν τῆς γῆς καὶ τῶν ἄστρων τὴν περιφοράν. Πυθέας δὲ ὁ Μασαλιώτης φησὶν ἐν τοῖς περὶ Ὠκεανοῦ ὅτι παραγενομένῳ αὐτῷ ἐν τοῖς βορειοτάτοις τόποις ἐδείκνυον οἱ αὐτόθι βάρβαροι τὴν ἡλίου κοίτην, ὡς ἐκεῖ τῶν νυκτῶν ἀεὶ γινομένου παρ' αὐτοῖς. Ξενοφάνης δὲ ὁ Κολοφώνιος, ἄπειρον ὑποτιθέμενος εἶναι τὴν γῆν, πρόδηλός ἐστι μὴ δεχόμενος τὴν σφαῖραν. Καὶ ταῦτα μὲν οἱ ἔξωθεν συμφωνοῦντες τῇ θείᾳ Γραφῇ εὑρίσκονται εἰρηκότες. Τὸ κείμενον 2.81 Ἡμεῖς δὲ τῇ ἀκολουθίᾳ χρώμενοι πάλιν ὑποτιθέμεθα λέγοντες τοὺς τέσσαρας ποταμούς, οὓς ἡ θεία λέγει Γραφὴ ἐξέρχεσθαι τοῦ παραδείσου, τὸν Ὠκεανὸν διατέμνουσι καὶ ἀναδίδονται ἐν τῇ γῇ ταύτῃ. Ὁ μὲν Φεισὼν ἐν τῇ Ἰνδικῇ χώρᾳ, ὃν καλοῦσί τινες Ἰνδὸν ἢ Γάγγην, ἐκ τῶν μεσογείων που κατερχόμενος πολλὰς ἐκροίας ἔχει ἐν τῷ Ἰνδικῷ πελάγει. Καὶ οὗτος δὲ ὁ ποταμὸς καὶ κιβώρια ἔχει καὶ τὰ καλούμενα νειλαγαθία καὶ φύλλα καὶ λωτάρια καὶ κροκοδείλους καὶ ἕτερα, ἃ ἔχει ὁ Νεῖλος. Ὁ δὲ Γηὼν ἀπὸ τῶν μερῶν τῆς Αἰθιοπίας διερχόμενος πᾶσαν τὴν Αἰθιοπίαν καὶ Αἴγυπτον τὰς ἐκροίας ἐπὶ τὸν παρ' ἡμῖν κόλπον ἐκπέμπει, ὁ δὲ Τίγρις καὶ Εὐφράτης ἀπὸ τῶν μερῶν τῆς Περσαρμενίας διερχόμενοι μέχρι τοῦ Περσικοῦ κόλπου. Καὶ ταῦτα μὲν ἡμεῖς περὶ τούτων. Παραγραφή 2.82 Σημᾶναι βουλομένη ἡ θεία Γραφὴ τὴν διάμετρον τοῦ παραδείσου, ὡς μεγάλη ἐστὶ καὶ ἐκτεταμένη ἐν γῇ ἀνατολῶν, ἐμνήσθη τῶν τεσσάρων τούτων ποταμῶν μόνων, ὡς ἐκ τῆς πηγῆς τῆς ἐν Ἐδὲμ ἀναδιδομένης καὶ ποτιζούσης τὸν παράδεισον τὸ ὑπόλοιπον ὕδωρ εἰς τοὺς τέσσαρας τούτους ποταμοὺς ἀφορίζεται· καὶ διαπεροῦντες ἐν τῇ γῇ ταύτῃ πολλὴν γῆν πάλιν ποτίζουσιν. Τὸ κείμενον 2.83 Τούτῳ οὖν τῷ τρόπῳ διατρεχόντων τῶν φωστήρων καὶ ποιούντων νύκτας καὶ ἡμέρας καὶ καιροὺς καὶ χρόνους, καὶ εἰς σημεῖα τοῖς πλέουσι πελάγη ἢ ὁδοιποροῦσιν ἔρημον ὄντων, καὶ φαινόντων ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, οὐ τῇ περιφορᾷ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ αὐτὰ φήσομεν κινεῖσθαι, ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον διὰ ∆υνάμεων λογικῶν καθάπερ λαμπαδηφόρων τινῶν, ὡς δείξομεν τὴν θείαν Γραφὴν δηλοῦσαν. Φησὶ γὰρ περὶ τοῦ Ἀντικειμένου διδάσκων ὁ θεῖος Ἀπόστολος, τί ἦν αὐτοῦ τὸ ἔργον ἐξ ἀρχῆς, οὕτως· "Κατὰ τὸν ἄρχοντα τῆς ἐξουσίας τοῦ ἀέρος, τοῦ πνεύματος τοῦ νῦν ἐνεργοῦντος ἐν τοῖς υἱοῖς τῆς ἀπειθείας", σαφῶς ἄρχοντα τῆς ἐξουσίας τοῦ κινεῖν τὸν ἀέρα καὶ μεταβάλλειν αὐτὸν εἶναι πρώην διδάξας, νυνὶ δὲ ἐκριφέντα μηκέτι ταύτην ἔχειν τὴν ἀξίαν, ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον ἐνεργεῖν ἐκ κακίας ἐπὶ τοὺς ἁμαρτωλούς, ὡς δῆλον ἐκ τούτου ὅτι οὐ μόνος τοῦτο ποιεῖν ἐξίσχυεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἄλλοι πολλοὶ σὺν αὐτῷ. 2.84 Οἱ μὲν γὰρ τῶν ἀγγέλων τὸν ἀέρα κινεῖν ἐπετρέποντο, οἱ δὲ τὸν ἥλιον, οἱ δὲ τὴν σελήνην, ἄλλοι τὰ ἄστρα, ἕτεροι νέφελας καὶ βροχὰς ἐργαζόμενοι, καὶ ἕτερα πολλά· τοῦτο γὰρ ἔργον καὶ νόμος τῶν ἀγγελικῶν ταγμάτων τε καὶ ∆υνάμεών ἐστι, τὸ διακονεῖν πρὸς εὐεργεσίαν καὶ τιμὴν τῆς εἰκόνος τοῦ Θεοῦ, τουτέστι τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, καὶ κινεῖν πάντα, ὡς ὑπήκοοι στρατιῶται τοῦ βασιλέως. Τοῦτο γὰρ τὸ ἔργον τῇ τετάρτῃ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκελεύσθησαν ποιεῖν, ὅτε καὶ τὸν οὐρανὸν τοῖς ἄστροις κατεκόσμησεν. 2.85 Ἔργον δὲ τῶν ἀντικειμένων δαιμόνων τὰ πρὸς βλάβην τῆς εἰκόνος, ὡς ἀνταρτῶν, ποιεῖν· καὶ αὐτοὶ γὰρ τῇ τετάρτῃ ἡμέρᾳ παραβάντες τὴν κέλευσιν ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ κατερρίφησαν, καθὰ καὶ ἑτέρωθι οὕτως