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having given his own soul to so great a people, how could he ever have acted hypocritically? He who was scourged and bound, and chose not to yield any of his boldness, and this at the beginning of the preaching, in the middle of the metropolis, where there was so great a danger, how could he, after so much time, in Antioch, where there was no danger, and he himself had become much more illustrious, having the testimony of his deeds, have feared those of the Jews who believed? For he who did not fear the Jews themselves, both at the beginning and in the metropolis, how could he, after so much time, being in a foreign land, have feared those who had converted from them? Therefore, Paul does not say these things against Peter, but from the sentiment he expressed, "But from those who seemed to be something—whatever they were, it makes no difference to me," he utters these things from the same sentiment. But lest we be perplexed any further about these things, it is necessary to unfold the cause of what is being said. For the apostles, as I have already said, in Jerusalem allowed circumcision; for it was not possible to detach them from the Law all at once; but when they came to Antioch, they no longer observed any such thing, but lived indiscriminately with those who believed from the Gentiles, which is indeed what Peter was doing at that time. But when those who had seen him preaching thus there came from Jerusalem, he no longer did this, fearing to strike those men, but he changed his ways, managing these two things: both not to scandalize those from the Jews, and to 61.641 provide Paul with a reasonable pretext for his rebuke. For if he himself, who had preached with circumcision in Jerusalem, changed his ways in Antioch, he would have seemed to those from the Jews to be doing this out of fear of Paul, and the disciples would have condemned his great fickleness; and this was likely to become no small scandal. However, by changing his ways, he would not have given such a suspicion to Paul, who knew everything clearly; for he knew the intention with which these things were being done. Therefore, Paul rebukes, and Peter endures it, so that when the teacher is accused and is silent, the disciples might change their ways more easily. For if, when nothing of this sort had happened, Paul had advised, he would have accomplished nothing great; but now, having taken the opportunity for a more vehement rebuke, he instilled greater fear in Peter's disciples. For if Peter, on hearing these things, had contradicted him, one might well have found fault, as the economy would have been overturned; but as it was, with the one rebuking and the other being silent, great fear came upon those from the Jews; for which reason also he deals severely with Peter.

5. And observe with what precision he uses his language, allowing the discerning to see that the words were not of a fight, but of an economy. For when Peter came, he says, to Antioch, I withstood him to his face, because he was condemned. He did not say, "by me," but, "by the others." If he himself had condemned him, he would not have hesitated to say this too. And the phrase, "I withstood him to his face," was a figure of speech. For if they were really fighting, they would not have rebuked each other in front of the disciples; for they would have greatly scandalized them; but as it was, the public fight was advantageous. And just as Paul yielded to them in Jerusalem, so they also did in Antioch. What then is the condemnation? For before certain men came from James (for he was the teacher in Jerusalem), he ate with the Gentiles; but when they came, he drew back and separated himself, fearing those of the circumcision; not fearing this, lest he be in danger; for he who did not fear at the beginning, much more so then; but lest they should fall away. Since he himself also says to the Galatians, "I am afraid of you, lest I have labored in vain"; and again, "I am afraid lest as the serpent deceived Eve, so your minds should be corrupted." For the fear of death was nothing to them, but the fear of the loss of the disciples greatly shook their souls. So that even Barnabas was carried away with their hypocrisy. Do not be surprised if he calls the matter hypocrisy; for not

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τὴν ἑαυτοῦ ψυχὴν ἐκδοὺς δήμῳ τοσούτῳ, πῶς ἂν ὑπεκρίθη ποτέ; ὁ μαστιχθεὶς καὶ δεθεὶς, καὶ μηδὲν τῆς παῤῥησίας ἑλόμενος καθυφεῖναι, καὶ ταῦτα ἐν ἀρχῇ τοῦ κηρύγματος, ἐν μέσῃ τῇ μητροπόλει, ἔνθα τοσοῦτος κίνδυνος ἦν, πῶς ἂν μετὰ τοσοῦτον χρόνον ἐν Ἀντιοχείᾳ, ἔνθα οὔτε κίνδυνος ἦν, καὶ πολὺ λαμπρότερος αὐτὸς ἐγεγόνει, τὴν ἀπὸ τῶν πραγμάτων μαρτυρίαν ἔχων, τοὺς ἐξ Ἰουδαίων πιστεύσαντας ἔδεισεν ἄν; Ὁ γὰρ αὐτοὺς Ἰουδαίους μὴ φοβηθεὶς καὶ ἐν ἀρχῇ, καὶ ἐν τῇ μητροπόλει, πῶς ἂν μετὰ χρόνον τοσοῦτον ἐν ἀλλοτρίᾳ ὢν, τοὺς ἐξ ἐκείνων μεταστάντας ἐφοβήθη; Οὐ τοίνυν κατὰ Πέτρου ταῦτά φησιν ὁ Παῦλος, ἀλλ' ἀπὸ τῆς γνώμης ἧς εἶπεν, Ἀπὸ δὲ τῶν δοκούντων εἶναί τι· ὁποῖοί ποτε ἦσαν, οὐδέν μοι διαφέρει, ἀπὸ τῆς αὐτῆς καὶ ταῦτα φθέγγεται. Ἀλλ' ἵνα μὴ ἐπὶ πλέον διαπορῶμεν ὑπὲρ τούτων, ἀναγκαῖον τῶν λεγομένων ἀναπτύξαι τὴν αἰτίαν. Οἱ γὰρ ἀπόστολοι, καθὼς ἔφθην εἰπὼν, ἐν Ἱεροσολύμοις μὲν συνεχώρουν περιτέμνεσθαι· οὐ γὰρ ἦν ἀθρόως ἀποσπάσαι τοῦ νόμου· ἐν Ἀντιοχείᾳ δὲ ἐλθόντες, οὐδὲν τοιοῦτον παρετήρουν λοιπὸν, ἀλλὰ μετὰ τῶν ἐξ ἐθνῶν πιστευόντων ἀδιαφόρως ἔζων, ὃ δὴ καὶ Πέτρος ἐποίει τότε. Ἐπειδὴ δὲ ἦλθον ἀπὸ Ἱεροσολύμων οἱ ἰδόντες αὐτὸν ἐκεῖ οὕτω κηρύττοντα, οὐκέτι ἐποίει τοῦτο, φοβούμενος πλῆξαι ἐκείνους, ἀλλὰ μετέθετο, δύο ταῦτα οἰκονομῶν, καὶ τὸ μὴ σκανδαλίσαι τοὺς ἐξ Ἰουδαίων, καὶ τὸ 61.641 παρασχεῖν τῷ Παύλῳ εὔλογον τῆς ἐπιτιμήσεως πρόφασιν. Εἰ γὰρ αὐτὸς ὁ ἐν τοῖς Ἱεροσολύμοις κηρύξας μετὰ περιτομῆς, μετέθετο ἐν Ἀντιοχείᾳ, ἔδοξεν ἂν τοῖς ἐξ Ἰουδαίων διὰ τὸν τοῦ Παύλου φόβον τοῦτο ποιεῖν, καὶ κατέγνωσαν ἂν αὐτοῦ πολλὴν τὴν εὐκολίαν οἱ μαθηταί· οὐ μικρὸν δὲ τοῦτο σκάνδαλον ἔμελλε γίνεσθαι. Τῷ μέντοι Παύλῳ πάντα σαφῶς εἰδότι μεταστὰς, οὐκ ἂν τοιαύτην παρέσχεν ὑπόνοιαν· καὶ γὰρ ᾔδει τὴν γνώμην μεθ' ἧς ἐγίνετο ταῦτα. ∆ιὸ καὶ Παῦλος ἐπιπλήττει, καὶ Πέτρος ἀνέχεται, ἵνα ἐγκαλουμένου τοῦ διδασκάλου καὶ σιγῶντος, εὐκολώτερον οἱ μαθηταὶ μεταθῶνται. Εἰ γὰρ, μηδενὸς γενομένου τοιούτου, παρῄνεσεν ὁ Παῦλος, οὐδὲν ἂν εἰργάσατο μέγα· νῦν δὲ ἀφορμὴν λαβὼν ἐπιτιμήσεως σφοδροτέρας, πλείονα τοῖς μαθηταῖς Πέτρου τὸν φόβον ἐνέθηκε. Καὶ γὰρ εἰ μὲν ἀκούων ταῦτα Πέτρος ἀντέλεγε, καλῶς ἄν τις ἐμέμψατο, ὡς τῆς οἰκονομίας ἀνατρεπομένης· νυνὶ δὲ, ἐκείνου μὲν ἐπιτιμῶντος, τούτου δὲ σιγῶντος, πολὺς τοῖς ἐξ Ἰουδαίων φόβος ἐγίνετο· διὸ καὶ σφοδρῶς κέχρηται τῷ Πέτρῳ.

εʹ. Καὶ σκόπει μεθ' ὅσης ἀκριβείας κέχρηται τῷ λόγῳ, διδοὺς τοῖς συνετοῖς ἰδεῖν, ὅτι οὐ μάχης ἦν τὰ ῥήματα, ἀλλ' οἰκονομίας. Ὅτε γὰρ ἦλθε Πέτρος, φησὶν, εἰς Ἀντιόχειαν, κατὰ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ ἀντέστην, ὅτι κατεγνωσμένος ἦν. Οὐκ εἶπεν, ὑπ' ἐμοῦ, ἀλλ', ὑπὸ τῶν ἄλλων. Εἰ δὲ αὐτὸς κατεγίνωσκεν, οὐκ ἂν παρῃτήσατο καὶ τοῦτο εἰπεῖν. Καὶ τὸ, Κατὰ πρόσωπον δὲ ἀντέστην, σχῆμα ἦν. Εἰ γὰρ ὄντως ἐμάχοντο, οὐκ ἂν ἐπὶ τῶν μαθητῶν ἀλλήλοις ἐπετίμησαν· σφόδρα γὰρ ἂν αὐτοὺς ἐσκανδάλισαν· νυνὶ δὲ λυσιτελοῦσα ἦν ἡ ἐν τῷ φανερῷ μάχη. Καὶ ὥσπερ ὁ Παῦλος εἶξεν αὐτοῖς ἐν Ἱεροσολύμοις, οὕτω καὶ αὐτοὶ ἐν Ἀντιοχείᾳ. Τίς οὖν ἡ κατάγνωσις; Πρὸ τοῦ γὰρ ἐλθεῖν τινας ἀπὸ Ἰακώβου (αὐτὸς γὰρ ἦν ὁ διδάσκαλος ἐν Ἱεροσολύμοις) μετὰ τῶν ἐθνῶν συνήσθιεν· ὅτε δὲ ἦλθον, ὑπέστελλε, καὶ ἀφώριζεν ἑαυτὸν, φοβούμενος τοὺς ἐκ περιτομῆς· οὐ τοῦτο φοβούμενος, μὴ κινδυνεύσῃ· ὁ γὰρ ἐν ἀρχῇ μὴ φοβηθεὶς, πολλῷ μᾶλλον τότε· ἀλλ' ἵνα μὴ ἀποστῶσιν. Ἐπεὶ καὶ αὐτὸς λέγει Γαλάταις, Φοβοῦμαι ὑμᾶς, μή πως εἰκῆ κεκοπίακα· καὶ πάλιν, Φοβοῦμαι μή πως ὡς ὄφις Εὔαν ἐξηπάτησεν, οὕτω φθαρῇ τὰ νοήματα ὑμῶν. Ὁ μὲν γὰρ τοῦ θανάτου φόβος οὐδὲν ἦν αὐτοῖς, ὁ δὲ τῆς ἀπωλείας τῶν μαθητῶν σφόδρα αὐτῶν κατέσειε τὴν ψυχήν. Ὥστε καὶ Βαρνάβας συναπήχθη αὐτῶν τῇ ὑποκρίσει. Μὴ θαυμάσῃς, εἰ τὸ πρᾶγμα ὑπόκρισιν καλεῖ· οὐ γὰρ