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to which is the Red Sea. For this reason they abandoned the undertaking, both Sesostris the Egyptian who first began it, and after him Darius the Mede who wished to complete it. These things have been said by me so that we might understand the power of the command: Let the waters be gathered into one collection. That is, let no other be generated from this one, but let what is gathered remain in its first collection. 4.4 Then he who said, 'Let the waters be gathered into one collection,' showed you that the waters were divided in many places. For the hollows of the mountains, broken by deep ravines, held the collection of waters. And in addition, many level plains, lacking nothing in size to the greatest seas, and countless valleys, and the hollows being hollowed out in various and sundry shapes, all then filled with water, were emptied by the divine command, with the water from everywhere driven together into one collection. And let no one say that if there was water upon the earth, then certainly all the hollows which now have received the sea were filled. Where then were the collections of water to be, with the hollow places already occupied? To this we will say that at that time the vessels were also prepared together, because the water needed to be separated into one system. For there was no sea beyond Gades; nor that great sea, formidable to sailors, which embraces the British isle and the western Iberians; but then, when the broad space was created by the command of God, the multitudes of waters were gathered together into it. But regarding the point that the account of the creation of the world with us is contrary to experience (for not all water appears to have run together into one collection), there are many things to be said, and known to all at once. But perhaps to contend with such things is ridiculous. For surely they do not have to bring forward against us the marsh waters, and those gathered from rain, and think to refute our argument through these? But he called the greatest and most complete confluence of waters one collection. For wells also are man-made collections of water, with the moisture sown in the earth flowing into the hollowed-out part. The name 'collection', therefore, does not signify chance gatherings of waters, but the outstanding and greatest one, in which the whole element is shown together. For just as fire is both broken into small pieces for use here, and is poured out all at once in the ether; and the air is divided into small parts, and yet as a whole it has encompassed the region around the earth; so also in the case of water, even if there are some small, divided systems, yet there is one collection that separates the whole element from the rest. For the lakes, those in the northern parts, and as many as are around the Hellenic region, occupying Macedonia, and the land of the Bithynians, and that of the Palestinians, are clearly collections; but now the discourse is about the greatest of all and that which is equal in size to the earth. That they have a multitude of water, no one will deny; yet one would not, according to probable reason, call them seas; not even if some have a saltiness and earthiness very similar to the great sea, like the Asphaltite lake in Judaea and the Serbonian lake between Egypt and Palestine, extending along the Arabian desert. For these are lakes, but the sea is one, as those who have travelled around the earth relate. Even if some think that the Hyrcanian and the Caspian are circumscribed by themselves; but if one must pay attention to the geographies of those who have related them, they are bored through to one another, and all open into the greatest sea. Just as they say also the Red Sea is joined to that beyond Gades. How then, he says, did God call the systems of waters 'seas'? Because the waters ran together into one collection; but the systems of the waters, that is, the gulfs which in a particular

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ᾧ ἡ ἐρυθρά ἐστι θάλασσα. ∆ιόπερ ἐπέσχον τὴν ἐπιχείρησιν, ὅ τε πρῶτος ἀρξάμενος Σέσωστρις ὁ Αἰγύπτιος, καὶ ὁ μετὰ ταῦτα βουληθεὶς ἐπεξεργάσασθαι ∆αρεῖος ὁ Μῆδος. Ταῦτα μοι εἴρηται, ἵνα νοήσωμεν τοῦ προστάγματος τὴν δύναμιν· Συναχθήτω τὰ ὕδατα εἰς συναγωγὴν μίαν. Του τέστιν, ἄλλη ἀπὸ ταύτης μὴ ἀπογενηθήτω, ἀλλ' ἐν τῇ πρώτῃ συλλογῇ ἀπομεινάτω τὸ συναγόμενον. 4.4 Ἔπειτα ὁ εἰπὼν συναχθῆναι τὰ ὕδατα εἰς συναγωγὴν μίαν, ἔδειξέ σοι, ὅτι πολλὰ ἦν κατὰ πολλοὺς τόπους διῃρημένα τὰ ὕδατα. Αἵ τε γὰρ τῶν ὀρῶν κοιλότητες, φάραγξι βαθείαις ὑπερρηγμέναι, εἶχον τῶν ὑδάτων τὴν συλλογήν. Καὶ προσέτι πεδία πολλά τε καὶ ὕπτια οὐδὲν τῶν μεγίστων πελαγῶν κατὰ τὸ μέγεθος ἀποδέοντα, καὶ αὐλῶνες μυρίοι, καὶ αἱ κοιλάδες κατ' ἄλλα καὶ ἄλλα σχήματα κοιλαινόμεναι, πάντα ὑδάτων τότε πεπληρωμένα, ἀπεκενώθη τῷ θείῳ προστάγματι, πρὸς μίαν συναγωγὴν τοῦ πανταχόθεν ὕδατος συνελασθέντος. Καὶ μηδεὶς λεγέτω, ὅτι εἴπερ ἦν ὕδωρ ἐπάνω τῆς γῆς, πάντως πᾶσαι αἱ κοιλότητες, αἱ νῦν τὴν θάλασσαν ὑποδεξάμεναι, πεπληρωμέναι ὑπῆρχον. Ποῦ τοίνυν ἔμελλον γίνεσθαι τῶν ὑδάτων αἱ συλλογαὶ, προκατει λημμένων τῶν κοίλων; Πρὸς δὴ τοῦτο ἐροῦμεν, ὅτι τότε καὶ τὰ ἀγγεῖα συγκατεσκευάσθη, ὅτι ἔδει μίαν σύστασιν ἀποκριθῆναι τὸ ὕδωρ. Οὐ γὰρ ἦν ἡ ἔξω Γαδείρων θάλασσα· οὐδὲ τὸ μέγα ἐκεῖνο καὶ ἀτόλμητον πλωτῆρσι πέλαγος, τὸ τὴν Βρεττανικὴν νῆσον καὶ τοὺς ἑσπερίους Ἴβηρας περιπτυσ σόμενον· ἀλλὰ τότε τῆς εὐρυχωρίας τῷ προστάγματι τοῦ Θεοῦ δημιουργηθείσης, ἐπ' αὐτὴν συνεδόθη τῶν ὑδάτων τὰ πλήθη. Πρὸς δὲ τὸ, ὅτι ὑπεναντίως ἔχει τῇ πείρᾳ ὁ τῆς παρ' ἡμῖν κοσμοποιίας λόγος (οὐ γὰρ εἰς μίαν συναγωγὴν ὑδάτων τὸ ὕδωρ ἅπαν φαίνεται συνδραμόν), πολλὰ μέν ἐστιν εἰπεῖν, καὶ πᾶσιν αὐτόθεν γνώριμα. Μήποτε δὲ καὶ τὸ διαμάχεσθαι τοῖς τοιούτοις γελοῖον. Οὐ δήπου γὰρ καὶ τὰ τελματιαῖα, καὶ τὰ ἐξ ὄμβρων συναθροιζόμενα προφέρειν ἡμῖν ὀφείλουσι, καὶ διὰ τούτων τὸν λόγον ἡμῶν ἐλέγχειν οἴεσθαι; Ἀλλὰ τὴν μεγίστην καὶ τελεωτάτην συνδρομὴν τῶν ὑδάτων ὠνόμασε συναγωγὴν μίαν. Καὶ γὰρ τὰ φρέατα συναγωγαὶ ὑδάτων εἰσὶ χειροποίητοι, ἐπὶ τὸ κοιλανθὲν τῆς γῆς τῆς ἐνεσπαρμένης νοτίδος ἐπιρρεούσης. Οὐ τοίνυν τὰ τυχόντα τῶν ὑδάτων ἀθροίσματα ἡ τῆς συναγωγῆς ἐμφαίνει προσηγορία, ἀλλὰ τὴν ἐξέχουσαν καὶ μεγίστην, ἐν ᾗ πᾶν τὸ στοιχεῖον ἀθρόον διαδείκνυται. Ὥσπερ γὰρ τὸ πῦρ καὶ εἰς μικρὰ κατακεκερματισμένον ἐστὶν ἐπὶ τῆς ὧδε χρείας, καὶ ἀθρόον ἐπὶ τοῦ αἰθέρος κέχυται· καὶ ὁ ἀὴρ διῄρηται μὲν καὶ κατὰ μικρὰ, καὶ ἀθρόως δὲ τὸν περίγειον ἐκπεριείληφε τόπον· οὕτω καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ ὕδατος, εἰ καὶ μικραί τινές εἰσι διῃρημέναι συστάσεις, ἀλλὰ μία γέ ἐστι συναγωγὴ ἡ τὸ ὅλον στοιχεῖον τῶν λοιπῶν ἀποκρίνουσα. Αἱ μὲν γὰρ λίμναι, αἵ τε κατὰ τὰ μέρη τῆς ἄρκτου, καὶ ὅσαι περὶ τὸν Ἑλληνικόν εἰσι τόπον, τήν τε Μακεδονίαν, καὶ τὴν Βιθυνῶν χώραν, καὶ τὴν Παλαιστινῶν κατέχουσαι, συναγωγαί εἰσι δηλονότι· ἀλλὰ νῦν περὶ τῆς μεγίστης ἁπασῶν καὶ τῷ μεγέθει τῆς γῆς παρισουμένης ὁ λόγος. Ἃς πλῆθος μὲν ἔχειν ὕδατος οὐδεὶς ἀντερεῖ· οὐ μὴν θαλάσσας γε ἄν τις αὐτὰς κατὰ τὸν εἰκότα λόγον προσείποι· οὐδ' ἂν ὅτι μάλιστα τὸ ἁλμυρὸν καὶ γεῶδές τινες παραπλήσιον ἔχωσι τῇ μεγάλῃ θαλάσσῃ, ὡς ἥ τε Ἀσφαλτῖτις λίμνη ἐπὶ τῆς Ἰουδαίας καὶ ἡ Σερβωνῖτις ἡ μεταξὺ Αἰγύπτου καὶ Παλαιστίνης τὴν Ἀραβικὴν ἔρημον παρατείνουσα. Λίμναι γάρ εἰσιν αὗται, θάλασσα δὲ μία, ὡς οἱ τὴν γῆν περιοδεύ σαντες ἱστοροῦσιν. Εἰ καὶ τὴν Ὑρκανίαν οἴονταί τινες, καὶ τὴν Κασπίαν περιγεγράφθαι καθ' ἑαυτάς· ἀλλ' εἴ γέ τι χρὴ ταῖς τῶν ἱστορησάντων προσέχειν γεωγραφίαις, συντέτρηνται πρὸς ἀλλήλας, καὶ πρὸς τὴν μεγίστην θάλασσαν ἅπασαι συνανεστόμωνται. Ὡς καὶ τὴν ἐρυθρὰν θάλασσάν φασι πρὸς τὴν ἐπέκεινα Γαδείρων συνάπτεσθαι. Πῶς οὖν, φησὶν, ὁ Θεὸς τὰ συστήματα τῶν ὑδάτων ἐκάλεσε θαλάσσας; Ὅτι συνέδραμε μὲν εἰς συναγωγὴν μίαν τὰ ὕδατα· τὰ δὲ συστήματα τῶν ὑδάτων, τουτέστι, τοὺς κόλπους τοὺς κατ' ἴδιον