And why is it marked? Because there is a rule that says that monosyllabic words ending in ΕΣ, declined imparisyllabically, have this order (declension:) oxytone words, if they are declined through consonants, have a circumflex on the genitive plural, for example ποῦς ποδὸς πόδες ποδῶν, Κρὴς Κρητὸς Κρῆτες Κρητῶν, Γνὴς Γνητὸς Γνῆτες Γνητῶν; (and the Gnesians are the 50 Rhodians;) but if they are declined through a pure ΟΣ, they are barytoned, for example Τρὼς Τρωὸς Τρῶες Τρώων, δμὼς δμωὸς δμῶες δμώων, θὼς θωὸς θῶες θώων. And τίνων, being interrogative, is barytoned, but as an indefinite it is circumflexed; and κράτων, coming from κρᾶς, which means the head, is barytoned, for example κρᾶς κρατὸς κρᾶτες κράτων, but from Κράτης it is circumflexed, for example Κράτης Κράτου Κράται Κρατῶν, and φῴδων and δᾴδων, becoming so from φοΐδων and δαΐδων by synaeresis, have kept the barytone accent. This much concerning the oxytone words; but perispomenon words are the opposite. For if they are declined through a pure ΟΣ, they circumflex the genitive plural, for example, μῦς μυὸς μῦες μυῶν, βοῦς βοὸς βόες βοῶν; but if they are declined through a consonant, they are barytoned in the genitive plural, for example παῖς παιδὸς παῖδες παίδων, πᾶς παντὸς πάντες πάντων; and λάων was barytoned for distinction from οἱ λαοὶ, τῶν λαῶν. Besides, this is not from the monosyllabic nominative λᾶς, but from the disyllabic λάας. For from the nominative λάας came the genitive λάαος, and by crasis of the two Ο into a long Α, λᾶος, from which also λᾶος by retraction of the accent. The nominative plural λᾶες, λάων. In how many ways is it shown that πᾶς is not a noun, but a participle? In four: first, that monosyllabic words in ΑΣ, in the case of a noun, do not form three genders, for example, Ζᾶς, but in the case of participles they do, for example, στὰς στᾶσα στὰν, βὰς βᾶσα βάν; but πᾶς forms three genders similarly to participles, for example πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν, which makes it clear that it is a participle and not a noun; second, that nouns in ΑΣ make the feminine in ΝΑ, for example τάλας τάλαινα, μέλας μέλαινα, but πᾶς makes the feminine in Α, for example, πᾶς πᾶσα, which makes it clear it is a participle and not a noun; third, that feminine forms ending in A derived from masculine ones, in the case of nouns, have two ΣΣ, for example χαρίεσσα, but in the case of participles, one, for example γράψασα, ποιήσασα, but πᾶς made the feminine with one, 51 it is clear that it is a participle and not a noun; fourth, it is also shown from the dative plural; for every unextended disyllabic dative plural ending in Ι, in the case of nouns they tend to be oxytone, for example βουσὶ, Τρωσὶν, but in the case of participles they are barytoned, for example βᾶσι, στᾶσι. And πᾶσι is similarly barytoned; it is clear that it is a participle, and not a noun. And again, on the other hand, in how many ways is it shown that ΠΑΣ is not a participle, but a noun? In two: first from its meaning, for every participle wants to have an underlying verb, and a conjugation, and different tenses, and an active voice, and a passive voice in its own transformations; but πᾶς has none of these, it is clear that it is not a participle but a noun; second, that nouns ending in ΑΣ are either proper or common nouns, but ΠΑΣ is neither a proper noun nor a common noun; therefore it is reasonably formed into three genders. And if then ΠΑΣ is a noun and not a participle, why did it not make the feminine in ΝΑ, like τάλας τάλαινα, μέλας μέλαινα? Because it is not declined through Ν alone, but also through T, for example παντός; but τάλαινα and μέλαινα, since they have the genitive of the masculine expressed through N alone, for example τάλανος, μέλανος, also have the feminine in ΝΑ. And since ΠΑΣ did not make the feminine in ΝΑ, but in Σ, why was it not made with two ΣΣ, like χαρίεσσα? Because of the necessity of the neuter; for the penult of the feminine is never shorter than the final syllable of the neuter, but longer; τάλαινα τάλαν, μέλαινα μέλαν, χαρίεσσα χαρίεν. If then πᾶσα were made with two ΣΣ, the penult of its feminine would be found

Καὶ διατί σεσημείωται; ∆ιότι κανών ε᾿στιν ὁ λέγων, ο῾´τι τὰ ει᾿ς ΕΣ λήγοντα μονοσύλλαβα περιττοσυλλάβως κλινό μενα, ταύτην ε᾿´χουσι τὴν τάξιν (κλίσιν·) τὰ ὀξυνόμενα, ει᾿ μὲν διὰ συμφώνων κλίνονται, περισπῶσι τὴν γενικὴν τῶν πληθυν τικῶν, οι῾῀ον ποῦς ποδὸς πόδες ποδῶν, Κρὴς Κρητὸς Κρῆτες Κρητῶν, Γνὴς Γνητὸς Γνῆτες Γνητῶν· (Γνῆτες δέ ει᾿σιν οἱ 50Ῥόδιοι·) ει᾿ δὲ διὰ καθαροῦ τοῦ ΟΣ κλίνονται, βαρύνουσιν αυ᾿τη`ν, οι῾῀ον Τρὼς Τρωὸς Τρῶες Τρώων, δμὼς δμωὸς δμῶες δμώων, θὼς θωὸς θῶες θώων. Τὸ δὲ τίνων, πευστικὸν μὲν ὑπάρχον, βαρύνεται, ἀόριστον δὲ περισπᾶται· καὶ τὸ κράτων, α᾿πο` μὲν τοῦ κρᾶς, ο῾` σημαίνει τὴν κεφαλὴν, ὑπάρχον, βαρύνεται, οι῾῀ον κρᾶς κρατὸς κρᾶτες κράτων, α᾿πο` δὲ τοῦ Κράτης περισπᾶται, οι῾῀ον Κράτης Κράτου Κράται Κρατῶν, καὶ τὸ φῴδων καὶ δᾴδων, α᾿πο` τοῦ φοΐδων καὶ δαΐδων γινόμεναι κατὰ συναίρεσιν, τὴν βαρεῖαν τάσιν ε᾿φυ´λαξαν. Ταῦτα μὲν περὶ τῶν ο᾿ξυτόνων· τὰ δὲ περισπώ μενα ε᾿κ τοῦ ἐναντίου γίνονται.Ἐα`ν μὲν γὰρ διὰ καθαροῦ τοῦ ΟΣ κλίνωνται, περισπῶσι τὴν γενικὴν τῶν πληθυντικῶν, οι῾῀ον, μῦς μυὸς μῦες μυῶν, βοῦς βοὸς βόες βοῶν· ἐὰν δὲ διὰ συμφώνου κλίνωνται, βαρύνονται κατὰ τὴν γενικὴν τῶν πλη θυντικῶν, οι῾῀ον παῖς παιδὸς παῖδες παίδων, πᾶς παντὸς πάντες πάντων· τὸ δὲ λάων ε᾿βαρύνθη πρὸς α᾿ντιδιαστολὴν τοῦ οἱ λαοὶ, τῶν λαῶν.Ἄλλως τε ου᾿δε` τοῦτό ἐστιν α᾿πο` μονο συλλάβου ευ᾿θείας τῆς λᾶς, α᾿λλ' α᾿πο` δισυλλάβου τῆς λάας. Ἀπὸ γὰρ τῆς λάας ευ᾿θείας γέγονε ἡ γενικὴ λάαος, καὶ κράσει τῶν δύο Ο ει᾿ς Α μακρὸν, λᾶος, ε᾿ξ ου῾῀ καὶ τὸ λᾶος ὑπὸ ῥιπῆς. Ἡ ευ᾿θεῖα τῶν πληθυντικῶν λᾶες, λάων. Κατὰ πόσους τρόπους δείκνυται τὸ πᾶς μὴ ει᾿῀ναι ο᾿´νομα, α᾿λλὰ μετοχήν; Κατὰ τέσσαρας· πρῶτον μὲν, ο῾´τι τὰ ει᾿ς ΑΣ μονοσύλλαβα ε᾿πι` ὀνόματος ου᾿κ ἀποτελοῦσι τριγένειαν, οι῾῀ον, Ζᾶς, ε᾿πι` δὲ μετοχῶν α᾿ποτελοῦσι, οι῾῀ον, στὰς στᾶσα στὰν, βὰς βᾶσα βάν· τὸ δὲ πᾶς α᾿ποτελεῖ τριγένειαν ὁμοίως ταῖς μετοχαῖς, οι῾῀ον πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν, δηλονότι ο῾´τι μετοχή ἐστι καὶ ου᾿κ ο᾿´νομα· δεύτερον δὲ, ο῾´τι τὰ ει᾿ς ΑΣ ο᾿νο´ματα ποιοῦσι τὸ θηλυκὸν ει᾿ς ΝΑ, οι῾῀ον τάλας τάλαινα, μέλας μέλαινα, τὸ δὲ πᾶς ει᾿ς Α ποιεῖ τὸ θηλυκὸν, οι῾῀ον, πᾶς πᾶσα, δηλονότι μετοχή ἐστι καὶ ου᾿κ ο᾿´νομα· τρίτον, ο῾´τι τὰ ει᾿ς Α λήγοντα θηλυκὰ παρεσχηματισμένα α᾿ρσενικὰ ἐπὶ μὲν τῶν ο᾿νομάτων δύο ΣΣ ε᾿´χει, οι῾῀ον χαρίεσσα, ε᾿πι` δὲ μετοχῶν ε῾´ν, οι῾῀ον γρά ψασα, ποιήσασα, τὸ δὲ πᾶς δι' ἑνὸς ε᾿ποίησε τὸ θηλυκὸν, 51 δῆλον ο῾´τι μετοχή ἐστι καὶ ου᾿κ ο᾿´νομα· τέταρτον, δείκνυται καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς δοτικῆς τῶν πληθυντικῶν· πᾶσα γὰρ δοτικὴ πληθυντικῶν δισύλλαβος ει᾿ς Ι λήγουσα α᾿νεπέκτατος, ε᾿πι` ο᾿νομάτων ο᾿ξυ´νεσθαι θέλουσιν, οι῾῀ον βουσὶ, Τρωσὶν, ε᾿πι` δὲ μετοχῶν βαρύνονται, οι῾῀ον βᾶσι, στᾶσι. Καὶ τὸ πᾶσι δὲ ὁμοίως βαρύνεται· δῆλον ο῾´τι μετοχή ἐστι, καὶ ου᾿κ ο᾿´νομα. Καὶ πάλιν ε᾿κ τοῦ ἐναντίου, κατὰ πόσους τρόπους δείκνυται τὸ ΠΑΣ ου᾿κ ει᾿῀ναι μετοχὴν, α᾿λλ' ο᾿´νομα; Κατὰ δύο· πρῶτον μὲν α᾿πο` σημαινομένου, πᾶσα γὰρ μετοχὴ θέλει ε᾿´χειν πρου¨ ποκείμενον ῥήματος, καὶ συζυγίαν, καὶ διαφόρους χρόνους, καὶ ἐνέργειαν, καὶ πάθος ε᾿ν ἰδίοις μετασχηματισμοῖς· τὸ δὲ πᾶς ου᾿δε`ν ε᾿κ τούτων ε᾿´χει, δῆλον ο῾´τι ου᾿κ ε᾿´στι μετοχὴ ἀλλ' ο᾿´νομα· δεύτερον, ο῾´τι τὰ ει᾿ς ΑΣ λήγοντα ο᾿νο´ματα η᾿` κύρια ει᾿σι`ν η᾿` προσηγορικὰ, τὸ δὲ ΠΑΣ ου᾿´τε κύριόν ε᾿στιν ου᾿´τε προσηγορικόν· ευ᾿λο´γως ου᾿῀ν σχηματίζεται ει᾿ς τριγένειαν. Καὶ ει᾿ α᾿´ρα ο᾿´νομα ε᾿στὶ τὸ ΠΑΣ καὶ ου᾿ μετοχὴ, πῶς ου᾿κ ε᾿ποίησε τὸ θηλυκὸν ει᾿ς ΝΑ, ὡς τὸ τάλας τάλαινα, μέλας μέ λαινα; ∆ιότι ου᾿ διὰ τοῦ Ν μόνου κλίνεται, α᾿λλὰ καὶ διὰ τοῦ Τ, οι῾῀ον παντός· τὸ δὲ τάλαινα καὶ μέλαινα, ὡς ε᾿´χοντα τὴν γενι κὴν τοῦ ἀρσενικοῦ διὰ μόνου τοῦ Ν ε᾿κφέρεται(ρομένην), οι῾῀ον τάλανος, μέλανος, ε᾿´χουσι καὶ τὸ θηλυκὸν ει᾿ς ΝΑ. Καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ (ε᾿πεὶ τὸ) ΠΑΣ ου᾿κ ἐποίησε τὸ θηλυκὸν ει᾿ς ΝΑ, α᾿λλ' ει᾿ς Σ, διατί ου᾿κ ἐγένετο διὰ δύο ΣΣ, ω῾´σπερ χαρίεσσα; ∆ιὰ τὴν α᾿να´γκην τοῦ ου᾿δετέρου· ου᾿δε´ποτε γὰρ ἡ παραλήγουσα τῆς θηλυκοῦ ε᾿λα´σσων τῆς τελευταίας συλλαβῆς τοῦ ου᾿δετέρου ε᾿στὶν, α᾿λλὰ μείζων· τάλαινα τάλαν, μέλαινα μέλαν, χαρίεσσα χαρίεν. Ει᾿ ου᾿῀ν τὸ πᾶσα διὰ δύο ΣΣ ε᾿γε´νετο, εὑρίσκετο ἡ παραλή γουσα αυ᾿τοῦ θηλυκοῦ