was called by none of the apostles or the evangelists, but instead of this the voice of the Father was sufficient for them. And by beginning I do not mean the one from the beginning, nor the creative one, nor that which is the epithet of dominion.

And so God and Father, insofar as He is Father, is beginning and cause; and insofar as He is beginning, Father of lights, that is of the Son and of the Spirit; and insofar as He is cause, He is cause, and beginning and Father. If, therefore, the Son is also the cause of the Spirit, of necessity He will also be beginning and Father as cause; for just as with man, inasmuch as man is capable of knowledge, it is not possible for one capable of knowledge not also to be a man, so also with God; since the Father, insofar as He is Father, is beginning and cause, it is not possible for one who is a cause not also to be a beginning and a Father, although Gregory the Theologian writes, (p. 164) 'thus the Son is properly the Son, because He is not also the Father'.

Do you see the monarchy and the hypostatic unity of the Father being clearly set aside by those who say the Spirit is also from the Son and who do not refer each of the persons to the one single source of the divinity? For all men are one nature, but all men are not one man. And yet through one another, or rather through those before us, we might be traced back to one forefather, but immediately there are many causes, and for this reason we are not from one, and are not one. Does not the one who thinks in a Latin way clearly innovate?

And if our gospel was not defective before you, which 'was preached among the nations, was believed in the world', and 'the saving grace of God' and the knowledge of God according to it, which appeared to all and taught all, if 'the faith has not been made void', if the tenets of the confession have not been corrupted, in which also 'the cloud of witnesses surrounding us' struggled and trained, the all-numerous catalogue of the saints, the God-taught company of the teachers, all who by deed and word and by their own sufferings bore witness to the truth, for which they also stood firm, doing well, even unto death, and not only for its sake or their own, but also for our strengthening; if only all these things and the faith of those called after Christ were not lacking, you would not truly be inventing additions in vain and innovating against your own soul.

For if they had known that the Spirit is also from the Son, for what reason did they not constantly preach it openly and confirm it through the many holy councils that were held many times? But was it not known to them? Therefore, it was not the truth; for He who for our sake became known as one of us made all things known to them. And the Spirit taught them all things according to the promise (p. 166), and He taught for this reason, that they might teach us as they were taught, as has also been said above. For if you dare to say this, that the theologians before us did not know the truth, we shall reject this also as no less blasphemous.

For who are you who dare to mutter this? What council of equal number, or rather, how many and where, were witnessed by the Spirit, who bore witness with them while they were living and had become men, and always bears witness and will bear witness through the miracles performed and to be performed by these wise men? But I too, he says, have many of the fathers bearing witness with me to the addition. What then, did they, gathered together in common, hand down one thing to the church, and dogmatize other things by themselves? Certainly not. But either you yourself are falsifying, or you are reasoning falsely and misinterpreting, not interpreting with the Spirit the things spoken through the Spirit.

However, even if we were to grant this, which is not the case, are not the things handed down in common to be accepted more than the things said privately by each one? For those things, besides being of all and

παρ᾿ οὐδενός τῶν ἀποστόλων ἤ τῶν εὐαγγελιστῶν ἐκλήθη, ἀλλά καί ἀντί τούτου ἡ τοῦ Πατρός ἀπέχρησεν αὐτοῖς φωνή. Ἀρχήν δέ λέγω οὐ τήν καταρχήν, οὐδέ τήν δημιουργικήν, οὐδ᾿ ᾗ τό τῆς δεσποτείας ἐστίν ἐπώνυμον.

Καί τοίνυν ὁ Θεός καί Πατήρ, καθό Πατήρ, ἀρχή καί αἴτιός ἐστι˙ καί καθό ἀρχή, Πατήρ τῶν φώτων, δηλαδή Υἱοῦ καί Πνεύματος˙ καί καθό αἴτιος, αἴτιος, ἀρχή τε καί Πατήρ. Εἰ οὖν καί ὁ Υἱός αἴτιός ἐστι τοῦ Πνεύματος, ἐξ ἀνάγκη ἔσται καί ἀρχή καί Πατήρ ὡς αἴτιος˙ ὡς γάρ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, καθό ἀνθρώπου ἐπιστήμης δεκτικοῦ ὑπάρχοντος, τόν ἐπιστήμης δεκτικόν οὐκ ἔνι μή καί ἄνθρωπον ὑπάρχει, οὕτω καί ἐπί Θεοῦ˙ ἐπεί ὁ Πατήρ, καθό Πατήρ, ἀρχή καί αἴτιός ἐστι, τόν αἴτιον ὑπάρχοντα οὐκ ἔνι μή καί ἀρχήν εἶναι καί Πατέρα, καίτοι τοῦ θεολόγου Γρηγορίου γράφοντος, (σελ. 164) «οὕτως εἶναι Υἱόν κυρίως τόν Υἱόν, ὅτι μή ἔστιν οὗτος καί Πατήρ».

Ὁρᾷς ἀθετουμένην σαφῶς τήν μοναρχίαν καί τό καθ᾿ ὑπόστασιν ἑνιαῖον τοῦ Πατρός ὑπό τῶν λεγόντων καί ἐκ τοῦ Υἱοῦ τό Πνεῦμα καί μή ἀναγόντων ἑκάτερον τῶν προσώπων εἰς μίαν μόνην, τήν τῆς θεότητος πηγήν; Μία γάρ φύσις καί οἱ πάντες ἄνθρωποι, ἀλλ᾿ οὐχ εἷς οἱ πάντες ἄνθρωπος. Καίτοι δι᾿ ἀλλήλων, μᾶλλον δέ διά τῶν πρό ἡμῶν, ἀναχθείημεν ἄν εἰς ἕνα τόν προπάτορα, ἀλλ᾿ εὐθύς πολλά τά αἴτια, καί οὐκ ἐξ ἑνός ἡμεῖς διά τοῦτο καί οὐχ εἷς. Ἆρ᾿ οὐ φανερῶς καινοτομεῖς ὁ λατινικῶς φρονῶν;

Καί εἰ μή πρό ὑμῶν ἐλλιπές ἦν τό καθ᾿ ἡμᾶς εὐαγγέλιον, ὅ «ἐκηρύχθη ἐν ἔθνεσιν, ἐπιστεύη ἐν κόσμῳ, καί «ἡ τοῦ Θεοῦ σωτήριος χάρις» καί ἡ κατ᾿ αὐτήν θεογνωσία, ἡ πᾶσιν ἐκφανεῖσα καί διδάξασα πάντας, εἰ μή «κεκένωται ἡ πίστις», εἰ μή διέφθαρται τά τῆς ὁμολογίας, αἷς καί ἐνήθλησαν καί ἐνήσκησαν «τό τῶν μαρτύρων ἡμῖν περικείμενον νέφος», ὁ τῶν ὁσίων παμπληθής κατάλογος, ὁ τῶν διδασκάλων θεοδίδακτος θίασος, πάντες οἱ ἔργῳ καί λόγῳ καί τοῖς καθ᾿ ἑαυτούς παθήμασι μαρτυρήσαντες τῇ ἀληθείᾳ, ὑπέρ ἧς καί μεχρι θανάτου καλῶς ποιοῦντες ἐνέστησαν, καί οὐχ ὑπέρ αὐτῆς μόνον ἤ καί ἑαυτῶν, ἀλλά καί ὑπέρ τοῦ ἡμετέρου στηριγμοῦ εἰ μή μόνον ἤ ταῦθ᾿ ἅπαντα καί ἡ τῶν ἀπό Χριστοῦ καλουμένων πίστις ἐλλιπής, διακενῆς ὄντως οὐ προσθήκας ἐξευρίσκεις καί κατά τῆς σεαυτοῦ καινοτομεῖς ψυχῆς.

Εἰ μέν γάρ ἐγίνωσκον καί ἐξ Υἱοῦ τό Πνεῦμα, τίνος ἕνεκεν οὐ παρρησίᾳ διατέλεσαν κηρύττοντες καί διά τῶν ἱερῶν συνόδων πολλῶν καί πολλάκις γενομένων βεβαιώσαντες; Ἀλλ᾿ οὐκ ἐγνωσμένον ἦν αὐτοῖς; Οὐκοῦν οὐδ᾿ ἦν οὕτω τἀληθές˙ πάντα γάρ ἐγνώρισεν αὐτοῖς ὁ δι᾿ ἡμᾶς ἐγνωσμένος καθ᾿ ἡμᾶς. Καί πάντα κατά τήν ἐπαγγελίαν ἐδίδαξεν (σελ. 166) αὐτούς τό Πνεῦμα καί διά τοῦτ᾿ ἐδίδαξεν, ἵν᾿ ἡμᾶς οὗτοι διδάξωσιν, ὡς ἐδιδάχθησαν, ὡς καί ἀνωτέρω εἴρηται. Εἰ γάρ τοῦτο λέγειν τολμήσεις, ὡς οὐκ ἔγνωσαν οἱ πρό ἡμῶν θεολόγοι τἀληθές, ὡς καί τοῦτο μηδέν ἧττον βλάσφημον ἀποπεμψόμεθα.

Τίς γάρ εἰ ὁ τοῦτο γρύξαι τολμῶν; Ποία δ᾿ ἰσάριθμος σύνοδος, μᾶλλον δέ πόσαι καί ποῦ μαρτυρηθεῖσαι παρά τοῦ Πνεύματος, ὅ καί ζῶσιν ἐκείνοις καί γεγονόσιν ἐξ ἀνθρώπων συνεμαρτύρησε, καί ἀεί συμμαρτυρεῖ τε καί συμμαρτυρήσει διά τῶν ἐπί τοῖς σοφοῖς τούτων τελουμένων τε καί τελεσθησομένων θαυμάτων; Ἀλλ᾿ ἔχω κἀγώ, φησί, πολλούς τῶν πατέρων συμμαρτυροῦντάς μοι τῇ προσθήκῃ. Τί οὖν, ἕτερα μέν οὗτοι κοινῇ συνειλεγμένοι παρεδίδουν ἐκκλησίᾳ, ἕτερα δέ καθ᾿ ἑαυτούς ἐδογμάτιζον; Οὔμενουν. Ἀλλ᾿ ἤ παραχαράττεις αὐτός ἤ παραλογίζῃ καί παρεξηγῇ, μή μετά τοῦ Πνεύματος ἑρμηνεύων τά εἰρημένα διά τοῦ Πνεύματος.

Οὐ μήν, ἀλλ᾿ εἰ καί τοῦτο θείημεν, ὅπερ οὐκ ἔστιν, οὐ προσδεκτέα μᾶλλον τά κοινῇ παραδεδομένα τῶν ἰδίως εἰρημένων ἑκάστῳ; Ἐκεῖνα μέν γάρ πρός τῷ πάντων εἶναι καί