24

he wishes, as I have already said, to uncover his mind, so that they might be set right. For since they strongly clung to the law, for this reason he calls what was happening hypocrisy, and he rebukes them sharply, so as to uproot their prejudice. And Peter, hearing these things, joins in the dissimulation, as if he were sinning, so that in the rebuke to him they might be corrected. For if Paul had rebuked those from the Jews, they would have been indignant and would have scorned him; for they did not have a high opinion of him; but now, seeing their teacher being rebuked and remaining silent, they were able neither to despise nor to speak against what was being said. 61.642 But when I saw that they were not walking uprightly according to the truth of the Gospel. Let not this expression trouble you; for he says these things not to condemn Peter, but he frames his expression in such a way as was profitable for those to hear who were about to become better through the rebuke of Peter. I said to Peter before them all. Do you see how he corrects the others? For it was for this reason "before them all," so that they, hearing it, might be afraid. What did you say, tell me. If you, being a Jew, live like the Gentiles and not like the Jews, why do you compel the Gentiles to Judaize? And yet it was not the Gentiles who were led away with him, but the Jews; why then do you accuse him of what did not happen? And why do you not turn your argument to the dissemblers from the Jews, but to the Gentiles? And why do you accuse Peter alone, if the rest also dissembled with him? Let us see also what he accuses him of. If you, being a Jew, live like the Gentiles and not like the Jews, why do you compel the Gentiles to Judaize?

And yet he alone was withdrawing; what then is it that he wants to establish? To make the rebuke unsuspected. For if he had said, "You do wrong in observing the law," those from the Jews would have rebuked him as being insolent against their teacher; but now, by accusing him on behalf of his own disciples, those from the Gentiles I mean, he makes his argument acceptable in this way; and not only in this way, but also by turning the rebuke from all of them and directing it entirely to the apostle. For, "If you," he says, "being a Jew, live like the Gentiles and not like the Jews," almost saying explicitly, "Imitate your teacher, because he too, though a Jew, lives like the Gentiles." But he does not say it this way, for they would not have accepted the exhortation; but under the guise of a rebuke on behalf of the Gentiles, he uncovers Peter's mind. Again, if he had said, "Why do you compel those from the Jews to Judaize?" the argument would have been sharper; but now, not as clinging to the Jewish disciples, but to those from the Gentiles, he corrects them in this way. For rebukes, when they are not very severe, are then especially able to become acceptable. For not even one of those from the Gentiles could accuse Paul for making his argument on behalf of the Jews. Peter accomplished all this by remaining silent and accepting the reputation of dissimulation, in order to free the Jews from true hypocrisy. At first, then, he directed his argument to the person of Peter, saying, "If you, being a Jew;" but as he goes on, he makes what is said general, and includes himself, saying thus: We who are Jews by nature, and not sinners of the Gentiles. And what was being said was an exhortation, but the form of a rebuke is put around it because of those from the Jews.

2. He does this elsewhere also; for while seeming to say one thing, he establishes another; as when, writing to the Romans, he says: "But now I go to Jerusalem to minister to the saints." For he did not wish to say this, and simply teach them for what reason he was going to Jerusalem, but to lead them to a zeal for almsgiving. 61.643 For if he had wished to state the reason, it would have been enough to say this, that "I go to minister to the saints;" but now see how much he adds. For Macedonia and Achaia were pleased to make a certain contribution

24

βούλεται, ὅπερ ἔφθην εἰπὼν, ἐκκαλύψαι τὴν γνώμην, ἵνα ἐκεῖνοι κατορθωθῶσιν. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ σφοδρῶς ἀντείχοντο τοῦ νόμου, διὰ τοῦτο καὶ ὑπόκρισιν καλεῖ τὸ γινόμενον, καὶ σφόδρα ἐπιπλήττει, ὥστε πρόῤῥιζον αὐτῶν ἀνελεῖν τὴν πρόληψιν. Καὶ ἀκούων ταῦτα Πέτρος συνυποκρίνεται, ὡς ἁμαρτάνων, ἵνα ἐν τῇ πρὸς αὐτὸν ἐπιτιμήσει διορθωθῶσιν. Εἰ μὲν γὰρ τοῖς ἐξ Ἰουδαίων ὁ Παῦλος ἐπέπληξεν, ἠγανάκτησαν καὶ διέπτυσαν· οὐ γὰρ πολλὴν περὶ αὐτοῦ δόξαν εἶχον· νυνὶ δὲ τὸν διδάσκαλον ὁρῶντες ἐπιτιμώμενον καὶ σιγῶντα, οὔτε καταφρονῆσαι, οὔτε ἀντειπεῖν τοῖς λεγομέ 61.642 νοις εἶχον. Ἀλλ' ὅτε εἶδον, ὅτι οὐκ ὀρθοποδοῦσι πρὸς τὴν ἀλήθειαν τοῦ Εὐαγγελίου. Μηδὲ αὕτη ὑμᾶς θορυβείτω ἡ λέξις· οὐ γὰρ Πέτρου καταγινώσκων ταῦτα λέγει, ἀλλ' οὕτω χαρακτηρίζει τὴν λέξιν, ὡς συμφέρον ἦν ἀκοῦσαι τοὺς διὰ τῆς ἐπιτιμήσεως Πέτρου μέλλοντας βελτίους γίνεσθαι. Εἶπον τῷ Πέτρῳ ἔμπροσθεν πάντων. Εἶδες πῶς τοὺς ἄλλους διορθοῦται; ∆ιὰ γὰρ τοῦτο Ἔμπροσθεν, ἵνα καὶ ἀκούσαντες φοβηθῶσι. Τί εἶπες, εἰπέ. Εἰ σὺ, Ἰουδαῖος ὑπάρχων, ἐθνικῶς ζῇς, καὶ οὐκ ἰουδαϊκῶς, τί τὰ ἔθνη ἀναγκάζεις ἰουδαΐζειν; Καίτοι οὐ τὰ ἔθνη αὐτῷ συναπήχθη, ἀλλ' Ἰουδαῖοι· τί οὖν ἐγκαλεῖς ὃ μὴ γέγονε; τί δὲ μὴ τρέπεις τὸν λόγον ἐπὶ τοὺς ὑποκρινομένους τοὺς ἐξ Ἰουδαίων, ἀλλ' ἐπὶ τὰ ἔθνη; διὰ τί δὲ καὶ Πέτρῳ μόνον ἐγκαλεῖς, εἰ καὶ οἱ λοιποὶ αὐτῷ συνυπεκρίθησαν; Ἴδωμεν δὲ καὶ τί ἐγκαλεῖ. Εἰ σὺ, Ἰουδαῖος ὑπάρχων, ἐθνικῶς ζῇς, καὶ οὐκ ἰουδαϊκῶς, τί τὰ ἔθνη ἀναγκάζεις ἰουδαΐζειν;

Καὶ μὴν αὐτὸς ὑπεστέλλετο μόνος· τί οὖν ἐστιν ὃ κατασκευάσαι βούλεται; Ἀνύποπτον ποιῆσαι τὴν ἐπιτίμησιν. Εἰ μὲν γὰρ εἶπε, κακῶς ποιεῖς τὸν νόμον τηρῶν, ἐπετίμησαν ἂν οἱ ἐξ Ἰουδαίων αὐτῷ, ὡς θρασυνομένῳ κατὰ τοῦ διδασκάλου· νυνὶ δὲ ὑπὲρ τῶν οἰκείων ἐγκαλῶν αὐτῷ μαθητῶν, τῶν ἐξ ἐθνῶν λέγω, εὐπαράδεκτον ποιεῖ ταύτῃ τὸν λόγον· καὶ οὐ ταύτῃ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῷ πάντων ἀποστήσας τὴν ἐπιτίμησιν, τῷ ἀποστόλῳ περιστῆσαι πᾶσαν αὐτήν. Εἰ γὰρ σὺ, φησὶν, Ἰουδαῖος ὢν, ἐθνικῶς ζῇς, καὶ οὐκ ἰουδαϊκῶς· μονονουχὶ διαῤῥήδην λέγων, ὅτι Μιμήσασθε τὸν διδάσκαλον, ὅτι καὶ αὐτὸς Ἰουδαῖος ὢν, ἐθνικῶς ζῇ. Ἀλλ' οὕτω μὲν οὐ λέγει· οὐ γὰρ ἂν ἐδέξαντο τὴν παραίνεσιν· προσχήματι δὲ ἐπιτιμήσεως τῆς ὑπὲρ τῶν ἐθνῶν ἐκκαλύπτει τοῦ Πέτρου τὴν γνώμην. Πάλιν εἰ εἶπε, ∆ιὰ τί τοὺς ἐξ Ἰουδαίων ἀναγκάζεις ἰουδαΐζειν; σφοδρότερος ὁ λόγος ἂν ἐγένετο· νῦν δὲ οὐχ ὡς τῶν Ἰουδαίων μαθητῶν ἀντεχόμενος, ἀλλὰ τῶν ἐξ ἐθνῶν, οὕτω διορθοῦται ἐκείνους. Καὶ γὰρ αἱ ἐπιπλήξεις, ὅταν μὴ σφόδρα φορτικαὶ ὦσι, τότε μάλιστα δύνανται εὐπαράδεκτοι γενέσθαι. Οὐδὲ γὰρ τῶν ἐξ ἐθνῶν τις ἠδύνατο ἐγκαλέσαι τῷ Παύλῳ, ὑπὲρ τῶν Ἰουδαίων ποιουμένῳ τὸν λόγον. Τοῦτο ὅλον κατώρθωσε σιγήσας καὶ καταδεξάμενος ὑποκρίσεως δόξαν ὁ Πέτρος, ἵνα ἀληθοῦς ὑποκρίσεως ἀπαλλάξῃ τοὺς Ἰουδαίους. Τὸ μὲν οὖν πρῶτον, εἰς τὸ Πέτρου πρόσωπον περιέστησε τὸν λόγον εἰπὼν, Εἰ σὺ Ἰουδαῖος ὑπάρχων· προϊὼν δὲ κοινοποιεῖ τὸ λεγόμενον, καὶ ἑαυτὸν προσπαραλαβὼν, καὶ οὕτω λέγων· Ἡμεῖς φύσει Ἰουδαῖοι, καὶ οὐκ ἐξ ἐθνῶν ἁμαρτωλοί. Καὶ τὰ μὲν λεγόμενα παραίνεσις ἦν, σχῆμα δὲ ἐπιπλήξεως αὐτῇ περίκειται διὰ τοὺς ἐξ Ἰουδαίων.

ʹ. Ποιεῖ δὲ τοῦτο καὶ ἀλλαχοῦ· δοκῶν γὰρ ἕτερον λέγειν, ἄλλο κατασκευάζει· ὡς ὅταν Ῥωμαίοις ἐπιστέλλων λέγῃ· Νυνὶ δὲ πορεύομαι εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα διακονῶν τοῖς ἁγίοις. Οὐ γὰρ τοῦτο ἐβούλετο εἰπεῖν, καὶ διδάξαι αὐτοὺς ἁπλῶς, τίνος ἕνεκεν εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα ἐπορεύετο, ἀλλ' εἰς ζῆλον ἀγαγεῖν ἐλεημοσύ 61.643 νης. Εἰ μὲν γὰρ τὴν αἰτίαν ἠθέλησεν εἰπεῖν, ἤρκει τοῦτο εἰπεῖν, ὅτι πορεύομαι διακονῶν τοῖς ἁγίοις· νυνὶ δὲ ὅρα πόσα συνάπτει. Εὐδόκησαν γὰρ Μακεδονία καὶ Ἀχαΐα κοινωνίαν τινὰ ποιήσασθαι