those who worship it have suffered; for others named this fire Hephaestus. 5.65.1 But the Magi of the Persians have honored fire, as have many of the inhabitants of Asia, and in addition the Macedonians, as Diogenes says in the first book of his *Persica*. Why should I enumerate the Sauromatae, whom Nymphodorus in his *Barbarian Customs* relates worship fire, or the Persians and the Medes and the Magi? Dinon says that these sacrifice in the open air, 5.65.2 considering only fire and water to be images of the gods. I have not hidden their ignorance either. For even if they think they are completely escaping error, they slip into another deceit; they have not supposed images of the gods to be wood and stones like the Greeks, nor yet ibises and ichneumons like the Egyptians, but fire and water, like philosophers. 5.65.3 However, Berossus, in the third book of his *Chaldaica*, shows that after many cycles of years they worshipped anthropomorphic images, this having been introduced by Artaxerxes, the son of Darius Ochus, who first set up the statue of Aphrodite Anaitis in Babylon and Susa and Ecbatana, and showed it to the Persians and Bactrians and Damascus and Sardis 5.65.4 for worship. Let the philosophers then confess that their teachers were Persians or Sauromatae or Magi, from whom they have learned the atheism of their venerated first principles, being ignorant of the ruler who is the maker of all things and the creator of the principles themselves, the unoriginated God, but turning to these "poor" and "weak," as the apostle says, "elements" made for the service of men. 5.66.1 And of the other philosophers, as many as went beyond the elements and investigated something higher and more extraordinary, some of them hymned the infinite, as did Anaximander (he was a Milesian) and Anaxagoras of Clazomenae and the Athenian Archelaus. These two indeed both set mind over the infinite, but Leucippus the Milesian and Metrodorus of Chios also left two principles, it seems, 5.66.2 the full and the void; and to these two Democritus of Abdera, taking them, added the images. For indeed Alcmaeon of Croton thought that the stars were gods, being ensouled. I will not be silent about their shamelessness; Xenocrates (he was of Chalcedon) hints at seven gods, the planets, and an eighth, the 5.66.3 cosmos composed of all the fixed stars. Nor indeed will I pass over those of the Stoa, who say that the divine pervades all matter, even the most worthless, who utterly disgrace 5.66.4 philosophy. Having come this far, I think it is not difficult to also mention those of the Peripatos; and the father of the school himself, not understanding the father of all, thinks that the so-called "highest" is the soul of the universe; that is, by supposing the soul of the cosmos to be God, he impales himself. For he who limits providence to as far as the moon itself, then, by considering the cosmos to be God, falls into contradiction, decreeing as God that which is without a share of 5.66.5 God. And that Theophrastus of Eresus, the disciple of Aristotle, conjectures God to be in one place heaven, in another, spirit. For of Epicurus alone will I willingly be forgetful, who thinks that God cares for nothing, being in all things impious. For what of Heraclides of Pontus? Is there any way in which he himself is not also dragged down to the images of Democritus? 6.67.1 And a great crowd of such men flows in upon me, introducing a kind of bogey, an absurd shadow-painting of foreign demons, telling myths with an old woman's chatter; far from it that we should permit men to listen to such words, with which we are not accustomed to console even our own children when they are whimpering, as the saying goes, by telling them stories, fearing to rear up along with them the atheism proclaimed by these would-be wise men, who know the truth no more than infants. 6.67.2 For what, O by the
σέβοντες πεπόνθασιν· τὸ γὰρ πῦρ τοῦτο ἕτεροι Ἥφαιστον ὠνόμασαν. 5.65.1 Περσῶν δὲ οἱ Μάγοι τὸ πῦρ τετιμήκασι καὶ τῶν τὴν Ἀσίαν κατοικούντων πολλοί, πρὸς δὲ καὶ Μακεδόνες, ὥς φησι ∆ιογένης ἐν αʹ Περσικῶν. Τί μοι Σαυρομάτας κατα λέγειν, οὓς Νυμφόδωρος ἐν Νομίμοις βαρβαρικοῖς τὸ πῦρ σέβειν ἱστορεῖ, ἢ τοὺς Πέρσας καὶ τοὺς Μήδους καὶ τοὺς Μάγους; Θύειν ἐν ὑπαίθρῳ τούτους ὁ ∆ίνων λέγει, θεῶν 5.65.2 ἀγάλματα μόνα τὸ πῦρ καὶ ὕδωρ νομίζοντας. Οὐκ ἀπεκρυ ψάμην οὐδὲ τὴν τούτων ἄγνοιαν. Εἰ γὰρ καὶ τὰ μάλιστα ἀποφεύγειν οἴονται τῆς πλάνης, ἀλλ' εἰς ἑτέραν κατολισθαί νουσιν ἀπάτην· ἀγάλματα μὲν θεῶν οὐ ξύλα καὶ λίθους ὑπειλήφασιν ὥσπερ Ἕλληνες οὐδὲ μὴν ἴβιδας καὶ ἰχνεύμονας καθάπερ Αἰγύπτιοι, ἀλλὰ πῦρ τε καὶ ὕδωρ ὡς φιλόσοφοι. 5.65.3 Μετὰ πολλὰς μέντοι ὕστερον περιόδους ἐτῶν ἀνθρωποειδῆ ἀγάλματα σέβειν αὐτοὺς Βήρωσσος ἐν τρίτῃ Χαλδαϊκῶν παρίστησι, τοῦτο Ἀρταξέρξου τοῦ ∆αρείου τοῦ Ὤχου εἰσηγησαμένου, ὃς πρῶτος τῆς Ἀφροδίτης Ἀναΐτιδος τὸ ἄγαλμα ἀναστήσας ἐν Βαβυλῶνι καὶ Σούσοις καὶ Ἐκβα τάνοις Πέρσαις καὶ Βάκτροις καὶ ∆αμασκῷ καὶ Σάρδεσιν 5.65.4 ὑπέδειξε σέβειν. Ὁμολογούντων τοίνυν οἱ φιλόσοφοι τοὺς διδασκάλους τοὺς σφῶν Πέρσας ἢ Σαυρομάτας ἢ Μάγους, παρ' ὧν τὴν ἀθεότητα τῶν σεβασμίων αὐτοῖς μεμαθήκασιν ἀρχῶν, ἄρχοντα τὸν πάντων ποιητὴν καὶ τῶν ἀρχῶν αὐτῶν δημιουργὸν ἀγνοοῦντες, τὸν ἄναρχον θεόν, τὰ δὲ "πτωχὰ" ταῦτα καὶ "ἀσθενῆ", ᾗ φησιν ὁ ἀπόστολος, τὰ εἰς τὴν ἀνθρώπων ὑπηρεσίαν πεποιημένα "στοιχεῖα" προστρε πόμενοι. 5.66.1 Τῶν δὲ ἄλλων φιλοσόφων ὅσοι τὰ στοιχεῖα ὑπερ βάντες ἐπολυπραγμόνησάν τι ὑψηλότερον καὶ περιττότερον, οἳ μὲν αὐτῶν τὸ ἄπειρον καθύμνησαν, ὡς Ἀναξίμανδρος (Μιλήσιος ἦν) καὶ Ἀναξαγόρας ὁ Κλαζομένιος καὶ ὁ Ἀθηναῖος Ἀρχέλαος. Τούτω μέν γε ἄμφω τὸν νοῦν ἐπεστησάτην τῇ ἀπειρίᾳ, ὁ δὲ Μιλήσιος Λεύκιππος καὶ ὁ Χῖος Μητρό δωρος διττάς, ὡς ἔοικεν, καὶ αὐτὼ ἀρχὰς ἀπελιπέτην τὸ 5.66.2 πλῆρες καὶ τὸ κενόν· προσέθηκε δὲ λαβὼν τούτοιν τοῖν δυεῖν τὰ εἴδωλα ὁ Ἀβδηρίτης ∆ημόκριτος. Ὁ γάρ τοι Κροτωνιάτης Ἀλκμαίων θεοὺς ᾤετο τοὺς ἀστέρας εἶναι ἐμψύχους ὄντας. Οὐ σιωπήσομαι τὴν τούτων ἀναισχυντίαν· Ξενοκράτης (Καλχηδόνιος οὗτος) ἑπτὰ μὲν θεοὺς τοὺς πλανήτας, ὄγδοον δὲ τὸν ἐκ πάντων τῶν ἀπλανῶν συνεστῶτα 5.66.3 κόσμον αἰνίττεται. Οὐδὲ μὴν τοὺς ἀπὸ τῆς Στοᾶς παρελεύ σομαι διὰ πάσης ὕλης καὶ διὰ τῆς ἀτιμοτάτης τὸ θεῖον διήκειν λέγοντας, οἳ καταισχύνουσιν ἀτεχνῶς τὴν φιλοσο 5.66.4 φίαν. Οὐδὲν δὲ οἶμαι χαλεπὸν ἐνταῦθα γενόμενος καὶ τῶν ἐκ τοῦ Περιπάτου μνησθῆναι· καὶ ὅ γε τῆς αἱρέσεως πατήρ, τῶν ὅλων οὐ νοήσας τὸν πατέρα, τὸν καλούμενον "ὕπατον" ψυχὴν εἶναι τοῦ παντὸς οἴεται· τουτέστι τοῦ κόσμου τὴν ψυχὴν θεὸν ὑπολαμβάνων αὐτὸς αὑτῷ περιπείρεται. Ὁ γάρ τοι μέχρι τῆς σελήνης αὐτῆς διορίζων τὴν πρόνοιαν, ἔπειτα τὸν κόσμον θεὸν ἡγούμενος περιτρέπεται, τὸν ἄμοιρον τοῦ 5.66.5 θεοῦ θεὸν δογματίζων. Ὁ δὲ Ἐρέσιος ἐκεῖνος Θεόφραστος ὁ Ἀριστοτέλους γνώριμος πῇ μὲν οὐρανόν, πῇ δὲ πνεῦμα τὸν θεὸν ὑπονοεῖ. Ἐπικούρου μὲν γὰρ μόνου καὶ ἑκὼν ἐκλήσομαι, ὃς οὐδὲν μέλειν οἴεται τῷ θεῷ, διὰ πάντων ἀσεβῶν. Τί γὰρ Ἡρακλείδης ὁ Ποντικός; Ἔσθ' ὅπῃ οὐκ ἐπὶ τὰ ∆ημοκρίτου καὶ αὐτὸς κατασύρεται εἴδωλα. 6.67.1 Καὶ πολύς μοι ἐπιρρεῖ τοιοῦτος ὄχλος, οἱονεὶ μορμώ τινα δαιμονίων παρεισάγων ξένων ἄτοπον σκιαγραφίαν, μυθολογῶν ὕθλῳ γραϊκῷ· πολλοῦ γε δεῖ ἀνδράσιν ἐπιτρέ πειν ἀκροᾶσθαι τοιούτων λόγων, οἷς μηδὲ τοὺς παῖδας τοὺς ἑαυτῶν, τοῦτο δὴ τὸ λεγόμενον, κλαυθμυριζομένους ἐθίζομεν παρηγορεῖσθαι μυθίζοντες, ὀρρωδοῦντες συνανατρέφειν αὐτοῖς ἀθεότητα τὴν πρὸς τῶν δοκήσει σοφῶν δὴ τούτων καταγγελλομένην, μηδέν τι νηπίων μᾶλλον τἀληθὲς εἰδότων. 6.67.2 Τί γάρ, ὢ πρὸς τῆς