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grace came to all, but since only some assented to the word, the part that remains is not small, or was it that God was unwilling to distribute the benefit abundantly to all, or was He not able at all? Neither of these is free from blame. For it is not fitting for God that the good be unwilling, nor that it be impossible. If, then, faith is something good, why, they say, is grace not upon all? If, then, these things were also established by us in our argument, that faith is allotted to men by the divine will, some being called, and the rest lacking the call, it would be timely for such an accusation to be brought against the mystery. But if the call is of equal honor to all, distinguishing neither worth, nor age, nor the differences among nations; for this reason, from the very beginning of the preaching, those who ministered the word by divine inspiration suddenly became able to speak the same language with all nations, so that no one might be deprived of the teaching of good things; how then could anyone reasonably still blame God for the word not prevailing over all? For He who has authority over everything, through an excess of honor for man, has left something also to be under our authority, of which each person alone is master. And this is choice, an unenslaved and self-determining thing, situated in the freedom of the mind. Therefore such an accusation would more justly be transferred to those who were not brought to the faith, not to the One who called them to assent. For not even when Peter at the beginning preached the word in a populous assembly of the Jews, and three thousand at the same time accepted the faith, did those who disobeyed, being more numerous than those who believed, blame the apostle for the things by which they were not persuaded. For it was not likely, with the grace set forth in common, that the one who voluntarily departed would blame not himself, but another for his misfortune.

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But they are not at a loss even for such things of contentious opposition. For they say that God is able, if He wished, to draw even those who are resistant by force to the acceptance of the preaching. Where, then, in these things is free will? Where is virtue? Where is the praise for those who succeed? For it belongs only to inanimate or irrational things to be moved by another's will toward what seems best. But the rational and intelligent nature, if it should cast away its self-determination, has also destroyed the grace of being intelligent. For to what use will it put its mind, when the power of choosing something according to its judgment rests with another? But if choice should remain inactive, virtue has necessarily vanished, shackled by the immobility of choice; and with virtue not existing, life is dishonored, the praise of those who succeed is taken away, sin is without risk, the difference in life is without judgment. For who would reasonably still either slander the licentious or praise the temperate? since this response is ready at hand for each person: that nothing according to judgment is up to us, but by a stronger power human choices are moved toward what seems best to the one in control. Therefore, the accusation that faith is not engendered in all is not against the goodness of God, but against the disposition of those who receive the preaching.

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What further is brought forward by those who contradict in addition to these things? That in the first place, it was not at all necessary for the transcendent nature to come to the trial of death, but even without this, by the abundance of its power, it would have been able to accomplish with ease what seemed best. But if this absolutely had to happen according to some ineffable reason, at least He should not have been outraged by a dishonorable manner of death. For what could be, he says, more dishonorable than death by a cross? What then do we say to these things? That birth makes death necessary. For the one who has decided once to partake of humanity had to pass through all the properties of nature. If, therefore, since human life is encompassed by two limits, having come into the one He did not touch the one that follows, the purpose would have remained incomplete, of the other of our nature's

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πάντας ἦλθεν ἡ χάρις, ἀλλὰ τινῶν προσθεμένων τῷ λόγῳ οὐ μικρόν ἐστι τὸ ὑπολει πόμενον μέρος, ἢ μὴ βουληθέντος τοῦ θεοῦ πᾶσιν ἀφθόνως τὴν εὐεργεσίαν νεῖμαι, ἢ μὴ δυνηθέντος πάντως; ὧν οὐθέτερον καθαρεύει τῆς μέμψεως. οὔτε γὰρ ἀβούλητον εἶναι τὸ ἀγαθὸν προσήκει τῷ θεῷ, οὔτε ἀδύνατον. εἰ οὖν ἀγαθόν τι ἡ πίστις, διὰ τί, φασίν, οὐκ ἐπὶ πάντας ἡ χάρις; εἰ μὲν οὖν ταῦτα καὶ παρ' ἡμῶν ἐν τῷ λόγῳ κατεσκευάζετο, τὸ παρὰ τοῦ θείου βουλήματος ἀποκληροῦσθαι τοῖς ἀνθρώ ποις τὴν πίστιν, τῶν μὲν καλουμένων, τῶν δὲ λοιπῶν ἀμοιρούντων τῆς κλήσεως, καιρὸν εἶχεν τὸ τοιοῦτον ἔγ κλημα κατὰ τοῦ μυστηρίου προφέρεσθαι· εἰ δὲ ὁμότιμος ἐπὶ πάντας ἡ κλῆσις, οὔτε ἀξίας, οὔτε ἡλικίας, οὔτε τὰς κατὰ τὰ ἔθνη διαφορὰς διακρίνουσα· διὰ τοῦτο γὰρ παρὰ τὴν πρώτην ἀρχὴν τοῦ κηρύγματος ὁμόγλωσσοι πᾶσι τοῖς ἔθνεσιν οἱ διακονοῦντες τὸν λόγον ἐκ θείας ἐπιπνοίας ἀθρόως ἐγένοντο, ὡς ἂν μηδεὶς τῆς διδαχῆς τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἀμοιρήσειεν· πῶς ἂν οὖν τις κατὰ τὸ εὔλογον ἔτι τὸν θεὸν αἰτιῷτο τοῦ μὴ πάντων ἐπικρατῆσαι τὸν λόγον; ὁ γὰρ τοῦ παντὸς τὴν ἐξουσίαν ἔχων δι' ὑπερβολὴν τῆς εἰς τὸν ἄνθρωπον τιμῆς ἀφῆκέ τι καὶ ὑπὸ τὴν ἡμετέραν ἐξουσίαν εἶναι, οὗ μόνος ἕκαστός ἐστι κύριος. τοῦτο δέ ἐστιν ἡ προαίρεσις, ἀδούλωτόν τι χρῆμα καὶ αὐτεξούσιον, ἐν τῇ ἐλευθερίᾳ τῆς διανοίας κείμενον. οὐκοῦν ἐπὶ τοὺς μὴ προσαχθέντας τῇ πίστει δικαιότερον ἂν τὸ τοιοῦτον ἔγκλημα μετατεθείη, οὐκ ἐπὶ τὸν κεκληκότα πρὸς συγ κατάθεσιν. οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐπὶ τοῦ Πέτρου κατ' ἀρχὰς τὸν λόγον ἐν πολυανθρώπῳ τῶν Ἰουδαίων ἐκκλησίᾳ κηρύ ξαντος, τρισχιλίων κατὰ ταὐτὸν παραδεξαμένων τὴν πίστιν, πλείους ὄντες τῶν πεπιστευκότων οἱ ἀπειθήσαντες ἐμέμψαντο τὸν ἀπόστολον ἐφ' οἷς οὐκ ἐπείσθησαν. οὐδὲ γὰρ ἦν εἰκός, ἐν κοινῷ προτεθείσης τῆς χάριτος, τὸν ἑκουσίως ἀποφοιτήσαντα μὴ ἑαυτόν, ἀλλ' ἕτερον τῆς δυσκληρίας ἐπαιτιᾶσθαι.

31 Ἀλλ' οὐκ ἀποροῦσιν οὐδὲ πρὸς τὰ τοιαῦτα τῆς ἐριστικῆς ἀντιλογίας. λέγουσι γὰρ δύνασθαι τὸν θεόν, εἴπερ ἐβούλετο, καὶ τοὺς ἀντιτύπως ἔχοντας ἀναγκαστικῶς ἐφελκύσασθαι πρὸς τὴν παραδοχὴν τοῦ κηρύγματος. ποῦ τοίνυν ἐν τούτοις τὸ αὐτεξούσιον; ποῦ δὲ ἡ ἀρετή; ποῦ δὲ τῶν κατορθούντων ὁ ἔπαινος; μόνων γὰρ τῶν ἀψύχων ἢ τῶν ἀλόγων ἐστὶ τῷ ἀλλοτρίῳ βουλήματι πρὸς τὸ δοκοῦν περιάγεσθαι. ἡ δὲ λογική τε καὶ νοερὰ φύσις, ἐὰν τὸ κατ' ἐξουσίαν ἀπόθηται, καὶ τὴν χάριν τοῦ νοεροῦ συναπώλεσεν. εἰς τί γὰρ χρήσεται τῇ διανοίᾳ, τῆς τοῦ προαιρεῖσθαί τι τῶν κατὰ γνώμην ἐξουσίας ἐφ' ἑτέρῳ κειμένης; εἰ δὲ ἄπρακτος ἡ προαίρεσις μείνειεν, ἠφάνισται κατ' ἀνάγκην ἡ ἀρετή, τῇ ἀκινησίᾳ τῆς προαιρέσεως ἐμπε δηθεῖσα· ἀρετῆς δὲ μὴ οὔσης, ὁ βίος ἠτίμωται, ἀφῄρηται τῶν κατορθούντων ὁ ἔπαινος, ἀκίνδυνος ἡ ἁμαρτία, ἄκριτος ἡ κατὰ τὸν βίον διαφορά. τίς γὰρ ἂν ἔτι κατὰ τὸ εὔλογον ἢ διαβάλλοι τὸν ἀκόλαστον ἢ ἐπαινοίη τὸν σώφρονα; ταύτης κατὰ τὸ πρόχειρον οὔσης ἑκάστῳ τῆς ἀποκρίσεως, τὸ μηδὲν ἐφ' ἡμῖν τῶν κατὰ γνώμην εἶναι, δυναστείᾳ δὲ κρείττονι τὰς ἀνθρωπίνας προαιρέσεις πρὸς τὸ τῷ κρα τοῦντι δοκοῦν περιάγεσθαι. οὐκοῦν οὐ τῆς ἀγαθότητος τοῦ θεοῦ τὸ ἔγκλημα, τὸ μὴ πᾶσιν ἐγγενέσθαι τὴν πίστιν, ἀλλὰ τῆς διαθέσεως τῶν δεχομένων τὸ κήρυγμα.

32 Τί πρὸς τούτοις ἔτι παρὰ τῶν ἀντιλεγόντων προφέρεται; τὸ μάλιστα μὲν μηδὲ ὅλως δεῖν εἰς θανάτου πεῖραν ἐλθεῖν τὴν ὑπερέχουσαν φύσιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ δίχα τούτου τῇ περιουσίᾳ τῆς δυνάμεως δύνασθαι ἂν μετὰ ῥᾳστώνης τὸ δοκοῦν κατεργάσασθαι. εἰ δὲ καὶ πάντως ἔδει τοῦτο γενέσθαι κατά τινα λόγον ἀπόρρητον, ἀλλ' οὖν τὸ μὴ τῷ ἀτίμῳ τρόπῳ τοῦ θανάτου καθυβρισθῆναι. τίς γὰρ ἂν γένοιτο, φησί, τοῦ διὰ σταυροῦ θάνατος ἀτιμότερος; τί οὖν καὶ πρὸς ταῦτά φαμεν; ὅτι τὸν θάνατον μὲν ἀναγ καῖον ἡ γένεσις ἀπεργάζεται. τὸν γὰρ ἅπαξ μετασχεῖν ἐγνωκότα τῆς ἀνθρωπότητος διὰ πάντων ἔδει γενέσθαι τῶν ἰδιωμάτων τῆς φύσεως. εἰ τοίνυν δύο πέρασι τῆς ἀνθρω πίνης ζωῆς διειλημμένης ἐν τῷ ἑνὶ γενόμενος τοῦ ἐφεξῆς μὴ προσήψατο, ἡμιτελὴς ἂν ἡ πρόθεσις ἔμεινε τοῦ ἑτέρου τῶν τῆς φύσεως ἡμῶν