HORTATORY ADDRESS TO THE GREEKS BY SAINT JUSTIN, PHILOSOPHER AND MARTYR.

 Alas, with my own eyes I see a dear man pursued around the wall and my heart grieves for him. And what he says about the other gods conspiring agains

 Artemis the archer, sister of the far-shooter. And against Leto stood the strong, helpful Hermes. These and such things Homer taught you about the god

 ...s of you you say have become of piety, some declaring water to be the beginning of all things, others air, others fire, others some other of the af

 Of all of them who had spoken, Thales, the eldest of them all, says that the principle of existing things is water for he says that all things are fr

 having denied it, later says in his conceptions that it is this very thing. Moreover, having formerly declared that everything that has come into bein

 having established for I do not attempt to prove these things from the divine histories among us alone, which you are not yet willing to believe beca

 to organize affairs in Egypt, but also to establish the warrior class with laws. And fourth, they say that Bocchoris the king became a lawgiver, a wis

 it happened that there were once God-fearing men, as you say the oracle declared: Only the Chaldeans obtained wisdom, and also the Hebrews, purely rev

 of wise men or orators, should one wish to make mention, he will find that they have written their own compositions in the letters of the Greeks. But

 it is fitting that it should appear clearly and manifestly. It is necessary, therefore, for you, O men of Greece, foreseeing the things to come and lo

 And in the Oracles it is thus: I adjure you, Heaven, the wise work of the great God, I adjure you, Voice of the Father, which He first uttered, When H

 the poem to fall from its meter, lest he should seem not to have first mentioned the name of the gods. But a little later he sets forth clearly and pl

 he should cause Meletus to be against himself, accusing him before the Athenians and saying: Plato does wrong and is a busybody, not believing in the

 that only disobedience was cast out, but not knowing that they were also persuaded that non-existent gods existed, they passed on the name of the gods

 light, constructs that which comes to be. But perhaps some, not wishing to abandon the doctrines of polytheism, will say that the demiurge himself sai

 having. For it does not seem to me that what was said by Phoenix was said simply: Not even if the god himself should promise me, scraping off old age,

 wishing to confirm what has been said of participation, Plato has written thus in these very words: God, then, as the old saying has it, holding the b

 having heard from one who had come back to life and was relating the things there, has written thus in his very words: For he said that he was present

 poetry, Diodorus, the most renowned of the historians, sufficiently teaches us. For he said that he, having been in Egypt, had learned that Nepenthes,

 to set up the battle-cry of much-lamented war They were eager to place Ossa upon Olympus, but upon Ossa Pelion with its shaking leaves, that heaven m

 and concerning the heaven that came into being that the created heaven, which he also named the firmament, this is the perceptible one that came into

 proclaimed by the name. For, fearing to call the gift of God Holy Spirit, lest he should seem to be an enemy of the Greeks by following the teaching

 supposed them to have the forms of men, you will find that they learned this also from the divine history. For since the history of Moses says, from t

 to you Socrates, the wisest of the wise, to whom even your oracle, as you yourselves say, testifies, saying: Of all men Socrates is the wisest, confes

 It will be easy for you to learn in part the true worship of God from the ancient Sibyl, who teaches you by oracles from some powerful inspiration, th

 it is clear that he said this about the oracle-givers, looking to the oracles of the Sibyl. For he spoke thus: When they succeed in saying many and gr

 Tatian's Address to the Greeks. Do not be so very hostile towards the barbarians, O men of Greece, nor be envious of their doctrines. For what pursuit

 very savagely, having imprisoned his own friend for not wanting to worship him, carried him around like a bear or a leopard. Indeed, he completely fol

 selecting places for their covetousness *** the prominent. But one ought not flatter the leaders with the prospect of kingship, but to wait until the

 I have chosen to order the unordered matter in you, and just as the Word, having been begotten in the beginning, in turn begot our creation for himsel

 not according to fate, but by the free will of those who choose, he foretold the outcomes of future events and he became a hinderer of wickedness thro

 with baubles of the earth he deceived the motherless and orphaned girl. Poseidon sails, Ares delights in wars, Apollo is a cithara player, Dionysus is

 of a kingdom, *** were turned into constellations by the shaping of letters? And how is Kronos, who was fettered and cast out of his kingdom, appointe

 of faith with glory become but the poor man and the most moderate, desiring the things that are his own, more easily gets by. Why, I ask, according to

 were zealous to be but the Lord of all allowed them to luxuriate until the world, having reached its end, should be dissolved, and the judge should a

 refusing a suffering god, they were shown to be fighters against God rather than God-fearing. You too are such men, O Greeks, talkative in words, but

 of the spirit But when the tabernacle is not of such a kind, man excels the beasts only in articulate speech, but in other respects his way of life i

 causes, when they happen, they ascribe to themselves, attacking whenever weariness overtakes them. But there are times when they themselves by a tempe

 For if it were so, much more would he ward off his own enemy from himself for being able to help others also, he will much more become his own avenge

 you? Therefore if you say that one ought not to fear death, sharing our doctrines, die not because of human vainglory, as Anaxarchus did, but for the

 Unable to explain those things, because of the impossibility of their theory, they have blamed the tides, and of the seas, one being weedy and the oth

 For what sort are your teachings? Who would not mock your public festivals, which, being celebrated under the pretext of wicked demons, turn men to di

 providing it, feeding it with the most ungodly bloodshed. For the robber kills for the sake of taking, but the rich man buys gladiators for the sake o

 dedications, and those who read are as with the jar of the Danaids. Why do you divide time for me, saying that one part of it is past, another present

 the conception which I have concerning all things, this I do not hide. Why do you advise me to deceive the state? Why, while saying to despise death,

 but again it will be dissolved, if we obey the word of God and do not scatter ourselves. For he has gained control of our possessions through a certai

 Archilochus flourished around the twenty-third Olympiad, in the time of Gyges the Lydian, five hundred years after the Trojan War. And concerning the

 the nonsense of affairs for the Greeks. For the pursuits of your customs are rather foolish through great glory and behave disgracefully through the w

 seeing the figures of the strife and of Eteocles, and not having thrown them into a pit with Pythagoras who made them, do you destroy along with them

 For what is difficult about men who have been shown to be ignorant being now refuted by a man of like passions? And what is strange, according to your

 maios. The time from Inachus until the capture of Ilium completes twenty generations and the proof is in this manner. The kings of the Argives were th

 our laws, and what the learned men among the Greeks have said, and how many and who they are who have mentioned them, will be shown in the treatise A

 God and what is the creation according to him, I present myself ready to you for the examination of the doctrines, while my way of life according to G

to you Socrates, the wisest of the wise, to whom even your oracle, as you yourselves say, testifies, saying: Of all men Socrates is the wisest, confesses to know nothing, how did those after him profess to know even the things in heaven? For Socrates said he was called wise for this reason, that while other men pretended to know what they did not know, he himself did not hesitate to confess that he knew nothing. For he spoke thus: I seem, then, to be wisest in this small particular, that what I do not know, I do not think I know. But let no one suppose that Socrates feigned ignorance ironically, since he was accustomed to do this often in the dialogues; for the last utterance of his apology, which he spoke as he was going away to the prison, shows that he confessed his ignorance earnestly and truthfully. For he spoke thus: But now it is time to go away, for me to die, and for you to live. And which of us is going to a better state is unknown to anyone except God. But Socrates, having uttered this last voice in the Areopagus, rushed to the prison, referring the knowledge of things unknown to us to God alone; but those after him, being unable to know even the things on earth, profess to know the things in heaven as if they had seen them. Aristotle, at any rate, as if he had seen the things in heaven more accurately than Plato, does not say, as Plato does, that God is in the fiery substance (for so he himself said), but declared Him to be in the ethereal fifth element. And thinking himself worthy to be believed concerning these things because of the excellence of his expression, having not even been able to know the nature of the Euripus which is in Chalcis, through much ignominy and shame, being grieved, he departed from life. Therefore, let no one of sound mind consider their eloquence more important than his own salvation, but, according to that ancient story, having stopped his ears with wax, let him flee the sweet, troublesome harm from the Sirens themselves; for the aforementioned men, holding forth their eloquence like some bait, have undertaken to lead many away from true piety, imitating the one who dared to teach polytheism to the first men. I urge you not to be persuaded by them, but to read the prophecies of the sacred men. But if some hesitation or the ancient superstition of your ancestors for the time being prevents you from reading the prophecies of the holy men, through which it is possible for you to learn that there is one and only God, which is the first mark of true piety, at least be persuaded by the one who formerly taught you polytheism, but later chose to sing a useful and necessary recantation, Orpheus, who spoke those things which I have written a little before, and be persuaded by the others who have written the same things about one God. For it has become a work of divine providence on your behalf that even these men, unwillingly, bear witness that the things spoken by the prophets about one God are true, so that the doctrine of polytheism, being rejected by all, might provide you with a starting point for true knowledge.

ὑμῖν σοφῶν σοφώτατος Σωκράτης, ᾧ καὶ τὸ χρηστήριον ὑμῶν, ὡς αὐτοί φατε, μαρτυρεῖ λέγον· Ἀνδρῶν ἁπάντων Σωκράτης σοφώτατος, ὁμολογεῖ μηδὲν εἰδέναι, πῶς οἱ μετ' αὐτὸν καὶ τὰ ἐν οὐρανοῖς ἐπηγγέλλοντο εἰδέναι; Σωκράτης γὰρ ἑαυτὸν σοφὸν διὰ τοῦτ' εἰρῆσθαι ἔφη, ὅτι τῶν λοιπῶν ἀνθρώπων ἃ μὴ ἴσασι προσ ποιουμένων εἰδέναι αὐτὸς οὐκ ὤκνει μηδὲν εἰδέναι ὁμολογεῖν. Ἔφη γὰρ οὕτως· Ἔοικα οὖν αὐτῷ τούτῳ τῷ σμικρῷ σοφώ τατος εἶναι, ὅτι ἃ μὴ οἶδα οὐδὲ οἴομαι εἰδέναι. Μηδεὶς δὲ οἰέσθω εἰρωνευόμενον ἄγνοιαν προσποιεῖσθαι Σωκράτη, ἐπειδὴ πολλάκις ἐν τοῖς διαλόγοις εἴωθε τοῦτο ποιεῖν· ἡ γὰρ τελευταία ·ῆσις τῆς ἀπολογίας, ἣν ἐπὶ τὸ δεσμωτήριον ἀπιὼν ἔφη, δηλοῖ μετὰ σπουδῆς αὐτὸν καὶ ἀληθείας τὴν ἄγνοιαν ὁμο λογεῖν. Ἔφη γὰρ οὕτως· Ἀλλὰ γὰρ ἤδη ὥρα ἀπιέναι, ἐμοὶ μὲν τεθνηξομένῳ, ὑμῖν δὲ βιωσομένοις. Ὁπότεροι δὲ ἡμῶν ἐπὶ τὸ ἄμεινον πρᾶγμα ἔρχονται, ἄδηλον παντὶ πλὴν ἢ τῷ θεῷ. Ἀλλὰ Σωκράτης μὲν ταύτην ὑστάτην ἐν τῷ Ἀρείῳ πάγῳ φω νὴν ἀφεὶς ἐπὶ τὸ δεσμωτήριον ὥρμησε, τῷ θεῷ μόνῳ τὴν τῶν παρ' ἡμῖν ἀδήλων πραγμάτων ἀναφέρων γνῶσιν, οἱ δὲ μετ' αὐτόν, μηδὲ τὰ ἐπὶ γῆς γνῶναι δυνάμενοι, τὰ ἐν οὐρανοῖς ὡς ἑωρακότες εἰδέναι ἐπαγγέλλονται. Ὁ γοῦν Ἀριστοτέλης, ὡς ἀκριβέστερον Πλάτωνος τὰ ἐν οὐρανοῖς ἑωρακώς, οὐχ ὥσπερ ὁ Πλάτων ἐν τῇ πυρώδει οὐσίᾳ τὸν θεὸν εἶναι λέγει (οὕτω καὶ αὐτὸς ἔφη), ἀλλ' ἐν τῷ αἰθεριώδει πέμπτῳ στοιχείῳ εἶναι αὐτὸν ἀπεφήνατο. Καὶ περὶ τούτων πιστεύεσθαι ἑαυτὸν διὰ δοκιμότητα φράσεως ἀξιῶν, οὐδὲ τὴν τοῦ Eὐρίπου φύσιν τοῦ ὄντος ἐν Χαλκίδι γνῶναι δυνηθείς, διὰ πολλὴν ἀδοξίαν καὶ αἰσχύνην λυπηθεὶς μετέστη τοῦ βίου. Μηδεὶς οὖν τῶν εὖ φρονούντων προτέραν ἡγείσθω τῆς ἑαυτοῦ σωτηρίας τὴν τού των εὐγλωττίαν, ἀλλὰ κατὰ τὴν παλαιὰν ἐκείνην ἱστορίαν κηρῷ τὰ ὦτα φραξάμενος τὴν ἐκ τῶν Σειρήνων αὐτῶν ἐνο χλοῦσαν ἡδεῖαν φευγέτω βλάβην· οἱ γὰρ προειρημένοι ἄνδρες, ὥσπερ τι δέλεαρ τὴν εὐγλωττίαν προϊσχόμενοι, πολλοὺς ἀπά γειν τῆς ὀρθῆς θεοσεβείας προῄρηνται, μιμούμενοι τὸν τὴν πολυθεότητα τοὺς πρώτους ἀνθρώπους διδάξαι τολμήσαντα. Oἷς μὴ πείθεσθαι ὑμᾶς ἀξιῶ, ἐντυγχάνειν δὲ ταῖς τῶν ἱερῶν ἀνδρῶν προφητείαις. Eἰ δέ τις ὄκνος ἢ παλαιὰ τῶν προγόνων ὑμῶν δεισιδαιμονία τέως ἐντυγχάνειν ὑμᾶς ταῖς τῶν ἁγίων ἀν δρῶν προφητείαις κωλύει, δι' ὧν δυνατὸν μανθάνειν ὑμᾶς ἕνα καὶ μόνον εἶναι θεόν, ὃ πρῶτόν ἐστι τῆς ἀληθοῦς θεοσεβείας γνώρισμα, τῷ γοῦν πρότερον ὑμᾶς τὴν πολυθεότητα διδάξαντι, ὕστερον δὲ λυσιτελῆ καὶ ἀναγκαίαν παλινῳδίαν ¶σαι προελο μένῳ πείσθητε Ὀρφεῖ, ταῦτ' εἰρηκότι ἃ μικρῷ πρόσθεν γέγραφα, καὶ τοῖς λοιποῖς δὲ τοῖς τὰ αὐτὰ περὶ ἑνὸς θεοῦ γεγραφόσι πείσθητε. Θείας γὰρ ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν προνοίας ἔργον γέγονε τὸ καὶ ἄκοντας τούτους μαρτυρεῖν τὰ ὑπὸ τῶν προφη τῶν περὶ ἑνὸς θεοῦ εἰρημένα ἀληθῆ εἶναι, ἵνα παρὰ πάντων ὁ τῆς πολυθεότητος ἀθετούμενος λόγος ἀφορμὴν ὑμῖν παρέχῃ τῆς ἀληθοῦς γνώσεως.