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Fasting, finding us enslaved and bound, releases us from the bonds, frees us from tyranny, and leads us back to our former freedom. When, therefore, it wars against our enemies, and frees us from slavery, and leads us back to freedom, what other greater proof of its friendship do you seek, of its friendship towards our race? For the greatest proof of friendship seems to be to love and hate the same things as we do. Do you wish to learn how great an adornment fasting is to men, how great a guard and security? Consider for me the blessed and wonderful race of monks. For these, having fled the tumults in their midst, and having run up to the peaks of the mountains, and having fixed their huts in the quiet of the desert, as in some fair-weathered harbor, took this as a companion and partner for their whole life. Therefore it has made them angels out of men, and not only them, but also as many as it finds in the cities embracing it, it leads up to the very height of philosophy. For both Moses and Elijah, the towers of the prophets in the Old Testament, although they were illustrious and great from other things, and had great boldness, when they wished to approach God and speak with him, as was possible for a human, they took refuge in this, and through its hands they were brought to him. For this reason also God, making man from the beginning, straightway brought and committed him to the hands of fasting, entrusting his salvation to it as to a loving mother and an excellent teacher. For, "Of every tree of paradise you shall eat, but of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil you shall not eat;" is a form of fasting. If fasting was necessary in paradise, much more outside of paradise; if the medicine was useful before the wound, much more after the wound; if the weapon was suitable for us when the war of the desires had not yet arisen, much more after so great a battle from the desires, from the demons, is the alliance from fasting necessary. If Adam had heeded this voice, he would not have heard the second one that says, "You are earth, and to earth you shall return;" but since he disobeyed this, for this reason there is death and cares and toils and despondencies and a life heavier than any death; for 49.308 this reason there are thorns and thistles, for this reason toils and pangs and a life of hardship. Have you seen how God is indignant when fasting is insulted? Learn also how he rejoices when fasting is honored. For just as when it was insulted, he imposed the penalty of death on the one who insulted it, so again when it was honored, he recalled death. For wishing to show you the power of the matter, he gave it authority, after a sentence, after a leading away, to snatch those being led away to death from the midst of the road, and to transfer them to life; and this it did not for two, or even twenty-three men, but for a whole people, the great and wonderful city of the Ninevites, lying on its knee, having bowed its head at the very abyss, and about to receive the blow brought from above, just as some power flying down from above, it both snatched them from the very gates of death, and led them back to life. But if it seems good, let us also listen to the story itself. "And the word of the Lord came," it says, "to Jonah, saying: Arise and go to Nineveh, the great city." He immediately wishes to shame him by the greatness of the city, foreseeing the prophet's future flight. But let us also hear the proclamation: "Yet three days, and Nineveh shall be overthrown." And for what reason do you foretell the terrible things you are about to do? So that I might not do what I foretell. For this reason he also threatened Gehenna, that he might not lead away to Gehenna; "Let the words," he says, "frighten you, and let not the deeds grieve you." And for what reason does he also contract the appointed time into so narrow a space? So that also the

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νηστεία δουλεύοντας ἡμᾶς καὶ δεδεμένους εὑροῦσα, ἀνίησι τῶν δεσμῶν, ἀπαλλάττει τῆς τυραννίδος, καὶ πρὸς τὴν ἐλευθερίαν ἐπανάγει τὴν προτέραν. Ὅταν οὖν καὶ τοῖς ἐχθροῖς ἡμῶν πολεμῇ, καὶ δουλείας ἀπαλλάττῃ, καὶ πρὸς ἐλευθερίαν ἐπανάγῃ, ποίαν ἑτέραν μείζονα ζητεῖς ἀπόδειξιν τῆς φίλιας αὐτοῦ, τῆς πρὸς τὸ γένος τὸ ἡμέτερον; Μεγίστη γὰρ φιλίας ἀπόδειξις εἶναι δοκεῖ τὸ τοὺς αὐτοὺς ἡμῖν φιλεῖν καὶ μισεῖν. Βούλει μαθεῖν, ὅσος κόσμος ἀνθρώποις ἡ νηστεία, ὅση φυλακὴ καὶ ἀσφάλεια; ἐννόησόν μοι τὸ μακάριον καὶ θαυμαστὸν τῶν μοναζόντων γένος. Οὗτοι γὰρ τοὺς ἐν μέσῳ θορύβους φυγόντες, καὶ πρὸς τὰς κορυφὰς τῶν ὀρέων ἀναδραμόντες, καὶ τὰς καλύβας ἐν τῇ τῆς ἐρημίας ἡσυχίᾳ, καθάπερ ἐν εὐδιεινῷ τινι λιμένι πηξάμενοι, ταύτην συνέμπορον καὶ συγκοινωνὸν τοῦ βίου παντὸς ἔλαβον. Τοιγαροῦν καὶ ἀγγέλους αὐτοὺς ἐξ ἀνθρώπων ἐποίησεν, οὐκ ἐκείνους δὲ μόνους, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν ταῖς πόλεσιν ὅσους ἂν εὕρῃ προσιεμένους αὐτὴν, πρὸς αὐτὸ τῆς φιλοσοφίας ἀνάγει τὸ ὕψος. Καὶ γὰρ Μωϋσῆς καὶ Ἠλίας, οἱ πύργοι τῶν ἐν τῇ Παλαιᾷ προφητῶν, καίτοι καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν ἄλλων ὄντες λαμπροὶ καὶ μεγάλοι, καὶ πολλὴν ἔχοντες παῤῥησίαν, ὅτε ἐβούλοντο προσελθεῖν τῷ Θεῷ καὶ διαλεχθῆναι, ὡς ἀνθρώπῳ δυνατὸν ἦν, πρὸς ταύτην κατέφυγον, καὶ διὰ τῶν ταύτης αὐτῷ προσεφέροντο χειρῶν. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο καὶ ὁ Θεὸς τὸν ἄνθρωπον ποιῶν ἐξ ἀρχῆς, εὐθέως αὐτὸν ταῖς τῆς νηστείας φέρων παρακατέθετο χερσὶν, ὥσπερ φιλοστόργῳ μητρὶ καὶ ἀρίστῃ διδασκάλῳ τὴν ἐκείνου σωτηρίαν ἐγχειρίζων αὐτῇ. Τὸ γὰρ, Ἀπὸ παντὸς ξύλου τοῦ παραδείσου βρώσει φαγῇ, ἀπὸ δὲ τοῦ ξύλου τοῦ γινώσκειν καλὸν καὶ πονηρὸν οὐ φάγεσθε· νηστείας εἶδός ἐστιν. Εἰ δὲ ἐν παραδείσῳ ἀναγκαία ἡ νηστεία, πολλῷ μᾶλλον ἐκτὸς τοῦ παραδείσου· εἰ πρὸ τῆς πληγῆς χρήσιμον τὸ φάρμακον, πολλῷ μᾶλλον μετὰ τὴν πληγήν· εἰ μηδέπω τοῦ πολέμου τῶν ἐπιθυμιῶν ἀναστάντος ἐπιτήδειον ἡμῖν τὸ ὅπλον ἦν, πολλῷ μᾶλλον μετὰ τὴν τοσαύτην μάχην τὴν ἀπὸ τῶν ἐπιθυμιῶν, τὴν ἀπὸ τῶν δαιμόνων, ἀναγκαία ἡ παρὰ τῆς νηστείας συμμαχία. Εἰ ταύτης ἤκουσε τῆς φωνῆς ὁ Ἀδὰμ, οὐκ ἂν ἤκουσε τῆς δευτέρας τῆς λεγούσης· Γῆ εἶ, καὶ εἰς γῆν ἀπελεύσῃ· ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ ταύτης παρήκουσε, διὰ τοῦτο θάνατος καὶ φροντίδες καὶ πόνοι καὶ ἀθυμίαι καὶ ζωὴ θανάτου παντὸς βαρυτέρα· διὰ 49.308 τοῦτο ἄκανθαι καὶ τρίβολοι, διὰ τοῦτο πόνοι καὶ ὠδῖνες καὶ βίος ἐπίμοχθος. Εἶδες πῶς ὁ Θεὸς ἀγανακτεῖ νηστείας ὑβριζομένης; μάθε καὶ πῶς εὐφραίνεται νηστείας τιμωμένης. Ὥσπερ γὰρ ὑβρισθείσης αὐτῆς θάνατον ἐπέθηκε τῷ ὑβρίσαντι τὸ ἐπιτίμιον, οὕτω πάλιν τιμηθείσης αὐτῆς θάνατον ἀνεκαλέσατο. Καὶ γὰρ βουλόμενός σοι δεῖξαι τοῦ πράγματος τὴν δύναμιν, ἔδωκεν ἐξουσίαν αὐτῇ μετὰ ἀπόφασιν, μετὰ ἀπαγωγὴν, τοὺς ἀπαγομένους τὴν ἐπὶ θάνατον ἐκ μέσης ἀναρπάσαι τῆς ὁδοῦ, καὶ πρὸς ζωὴν μεταγαγεῖν· καὶ τοῦτο οὐκ ἐπὶ δύο, ἢ καὶ τριῶν καὶ εἴκοσιν ἀνθρώπων ἐποίησεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ δῆμον ὁλόκληρον, τὴν τῶν Νινευϊτῶν πόλιν μεγάλην καὶ θαυμαστὴν ἐπὶ γόνυ κειμένην, παρ' αὐτὸ τὸ βάραθρον τὴν κεφαλὴν κλίνασαν, καὶ μέλλουσαν τὴν ἄνωθεν φερομένην δέχεσθαι πληγὴν, καθάπερ τις ἄνωθεν ἐπιπτᾶσα δύναμις, καὶ ἐξ αὐτῶν ἥρπασε τῶν τοῦ θανάτου πυλῶν. καὶ πρὸς τὴν ζωὴν ἐπανήγαγεν. Ἀλλ' εἰ δοκεῖ, καὶ τῆς ἱστορίας αὐτῆς ἐπακούσωμεν. Καὶ ἐγένετο, φησὶ, λόγος Κυρίου, πρὸς Ἰωνᾶν λέγων· Ἀνάστηθι καὶ πορεύθητι εἰς Νινευῒ τὴν πόλιν τὴν μεγάλην. Εὐθέως αὐτὸν ἀπὸ τοῦ μεγέθους τῆς πόλεως δυσωπῆσαι βούλεται, τὴν μέλλουσαν προειδὼς τοῦ προφήτου φυγήν. Ἀλλ' ἀκούσωμεν καὶ τοῦ κηρύγματος· Ἔτι τρεῖς ἡμέραι, καὶ Νινευῒ καταστραφήσεται. Καὶ τίνος ἕνεκεν ἃ μέλλεις δεινὰ ποιεῖν προλέγεις; Ἵνα μὴ ποιήσω ἃ προλέγω. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο καὶ γέενναν ἠπείλησεν, ἵνα μὴ ἀπαγάγῃ εἰς γέενναν· Φοβείτω, φησὶν, ὑμᾶς τὰ ῥήματα, καὶ μὴ λυπείτω τὰ πράγματα. Τίνος δὲ ἕνεκεν καὶ τὴν προθεσμίαν εἰς οὕτω στενὸν συνάγει χρόνον; Ἵνα καὶ τὴν τῶν