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Caesar a war against the barbarians, but becoming angry he began to entertain hostile thoughts against the senate. (3) Then from the city of Ariminum, where he had his forces gathered, he led his army in battle array against the city. And the consuls and Pompey, together with the senate and all the more notable of the citizens, fearing Caesar’s assault, abandoned the city and went off, fleeing to Macedonia and Epirus. (4) And Pompey, with those from the senate, gathered forces there and made preparations for war. But Caesar, having entered Rome with no one opposing him, and having appointed himself dictator, broke open the public treasuries and emptied them for his soldiers, and immediately turned toward Pompey's forces in Iberia, so that no enemy might be left behind him. 5. For when Pompey learned that things in Iberia had been preemptively seized, having encamped at Brentesium, he came to blows with Caesar. But having failed in his hope, he fled again to Dyrrhachium, and having spent much time there, he prepared all things for the war, although for a short while postponing going forth to the war (πολεμίῳ?) on account of certain signs. 6. The Roman forces, then, were in suspense, disposed for battle against each other; and the senate, having transferred the courts of Rome to Thessalonica, presided over the proceedings; and Caesar and Pompey themselves were being judged by arms. 7. Therefore, Caesar, having defeated three large armies there, arrayed under the commanders Lucius Afranius and Marcus Petronius (λ. Πετρηίῳ) and Marcus Varro, in no long time, having come to battle with Pompey, fled at first, being worsted, and came close to being defeated completely; for he would not have escaped the disaster, if night had not come upon the action and saved him along with the remnants of his own men, and caused Pompey to lead his army away sooner than he should have, choosing not to make the pursuit in the dark. They say, at any rate, that Caesar, considering how much danger he had been in, often said that Pompey was good at fighting, but was ignorant of how to win; for at no other time than on that day had he been vulnerable to his opponents. After this, near the Thessalian city of Pharsalus, both sides again gathered large forces and came together. Pompey, then, had forty thousand hoplites, and more than four thousand horsemen, distributed on each of the wings; and in addition to these, the allied force from all the eastern nations, and all that was distinguished of the Romans followed, and those from the senate, a number not easily counted, were arrayed with them; among whom were both men of praetorian and consular rank, who had already commanded many armies and carried through many wars. But for Caesar, not even thirty thousand in all filled up the phalanx, and his horsemen were a thousand. Never before had such great Roman forces come together in the same place, nor arrayed under better generals; which easily would have forced every corner of the earth to submit to the Romans, if they had been led against foreign and not civil conflicts. 8. Then, therefore, coming together they fought fiercely, neither side yielding on account of both their courage and their hatred for their opponents. And after much destruction had occurred on both sides, at last Pompey’s men gave way, and many of them fell, and many retreated scattered, having handed over their deserted camp to be plundered by their opponents. But Pompey himself retreated with a few of his companions and dearest friends, making haste to reach Egypt, in order that help might be given to him by the one then ruling, whose father, indeed, he had long ago restored to the kingdom after he had been exiled by the citizens. 9. But Ptolemy, persuaded by Theodotus of Chios, a rhetorician of wicked character, to be on the side of the victors, and to hold in no account the misfortunes of friends; before he could land, saying nothing nor lamenting, he killed Pompey. For as

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πρὸς τοὺς βαρβάρους πόλεμον ὁ Καῖσαρ, θυμωθεὶς δὲ πολέμια κατὰ τῆς βουλῆς φρονεῖν ἤρξατο. (3) Ἄρα δὲ ἐξ Ἀριμινοῦ πόλεως, οὗ τὰς δυνάμεις εἶχεν ἠθροισμένας, συντεταγμένην ἐπῆγε τῇ πόλει τὴν στρατιάν. Οἱ δὲ ὕπατοι καὶ ὁ Πομπήιος ἅμα τῇ βουλῇ καὶ παντὶ τῶν ἀστῶν γνωριμωτέρῳ, καταδείσαντες τὴν τοῦ Καίσαρος ὁρμὴν, τὴν μὲν πόλιν ἐκλείπουσιν, ἐς δὲ τὴν Μακεδονίαν καὶ τὴν Ἤπειρον φεύγοντες ᾤχοντο. (4) Καὶ ὁ μὲν Πομπήιος σὺν τοῖς ἀπὸ τῆς βουλῆς ἐνταῦθα δυνάμεις ἤθροιζε, καὶ τὰ πρὸς τὸν πόλεμον ἐξηρτύετο. Καῖσαρ δὲ παρελθὼν εἰς τὴν Ῥώμην, οὐδενὸς ἐναντιουμένου, καὶ ἀποδείξας ἑαυτὸν δικτάτωρα, τούς τε δημοσίους θησαυροὺς ἀναρρήξας εἰς τοὺς στρατιώτας ἐκένωσεν, καὶ εὐθέως πρὸς τὰς ἐν Ἰβηρίᾳ δυνάμεις τοῦ Πομπηίου τρέπεται, ὡς μηδεὶς ὑπολείποιτο κατὰ νώτου πολέμιος. 5. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ὁ Πομπήιος ἔγνω προκατειλῆφθαι τὰ ἐν Ἰβηρίᾳ, ἐπὶ τὸ Βρεντήσιον στρατοπεδεύσας, ἐς χεῖρας τῷ Καίσαρι γίνεται. ∆ιαμαρτήσας δὲ τῆς ἐλπίδος, αὖθις ἐπὶ τὸ ∆υρράχιον καταφεύγει, πολύν τε διατρίψας χρόνον, ἅπαντα τὰ τοῦ πολέμου παρεσκευάζετο, καίτοι πρὸς μικρὸν ἀναβαλλόμενος ἐπεξελθεῖν τῷ πολέμῳ (πολεμίῳ?) ἕνεκεν σημείων τινῶν. 6. Αἱ μὲν οὖν Ῥωμαίων δυνάμεις μετέωροι πρὸς τὴν κατ' ἀλλήλων διέκειντο μάχην· ἥ τε σύγκλητος τὰ δίκαια τῆς Ῥώμης κατὰ τὴν Θετταλονίκην μεταγαγοῦσα, προεκάθητο τῶν πραττομένων· αὐτός τε Καῖσαρ καὶ Πομπήιος διὰ τῶν ὅπλων ἐκρίνοντο. 7. Τρεῖς δ' οὖν στρατιὰς ἐνταῦθα καὶ μεγάλας Καῖσαρ καταγωνισάμενος, ὑφ' ἡγεμόσι ταττομένας Λουκίῳ τε Ἀφρανίῳ καὶ Μάρκῳ Πετρονίῳ (λ. Πετρηίῳ) καὶ Μάρκῳ Βάρωνι, ἐν οὐ πολλῷ χρόνῳ, διὰ μάχης ἐλθὼν τῷ Πομπηίῳ φεύγει τὸ πρῶτον ἐλαττωθεὶς, καὶ μικρὸν ἀποσχὼν ἐλαττωθῆναι παντάπασιν· οὐ γὰρ ἂν ὑπεξέδυ τὸ κακὸν, εἰ μὴ νὺξ ἐπιγενομένη τῷ ἔργῳ, τὸν μὲν ἅμα τοῖς ὑπολειπομένοις τῶν οἰκείων διέσωσε, Πομπήιον δὲ τὴν στρατιὰν ἀπάγειν θᾶττον ἢ δεῖ παρεσκεύασε, κατὰ σκότος ποιεῖσθαι τὴν δίωξιν οὐ προελόμενον. Φασὶ γοῦν τὸν Καίσαρα παρ' ὅσον ἦλθε κινδύνου λογιζόμενον, πολλάκις εἰπεῖν, ὡς μάχεσθαι μὲν ἀγαθὸς εἴη Πομπήιος, νικᾶν δὲ ἀμαθῶς ἔχοι· οὐ γὰρ ἐν ἑτέρῳ χρόνῳ ἢ ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ γεγενῆσθαι τοῖς ἐναντίοις ἁλώσιμος. Μετὰ δὲ τοῦτο, πόλεως Θεσσαλικῆς Φαρσάλου πλησίον, μεγάλας αὖθις ἑκάτεροι δυνάμεις ἀγείραντες, συνῄεσαν. Πομπηίῳ μὲν οὖν τέσσαρες μυριάδες ὁπλιτῶν ἦσαν, καὶ ἱππεῖς πλείους ἢ τετρακισχίλιοι, καθ' ἑκάτερον τῶν κεράτων νενεμημένοι· πρὸς δὲ τούτοις τὸ ἐξ ἁπάντων τῶν ἑῴων ἐθνῶν συμμαχικὸν, καὶ πᾶν ὃ ἦν ἐπίσημον Ῥωμαίων εἵπετο, οἵ τε ἀπὸ τῆς βουλῆς, πλῆθος οὐκ εὐαρίθμητον ὂν, συνετάττοντο· ἐν οἷς στρατηγικοί τε καὶ ὑπατικοὶ ἄνδρες ἦσαν, πολλῶν ἤδη στρατοπέδων ἐξηγησάμενοι, καὶ πολλοὺς διαπεπραγμένοι πολέμους. Καίσαρί γε μὴν οὐδὲ ὅλαι τρεῖς μυριάδες ἀπεπλήρουν τὴν φάλαγγα, καὶ οἱ ἱππεῖς χίλιοι. Οὐδεπώποτε δὲ τοσαίδε Ῥωμαϊκαὶ συνῆλθον ἐς τὸ αὐτὸ δυνάμεις, οὐδὲ ὑπὸ βελτίοσιν ἡγεμόσι ταττόμενα· αἳ ῥαδίως ἂν ἅπασαν ἐσχατιὰν τῆς γῆς ὑποκύψαι Ῥωμαίοις ἠνάγκασαν, εἰ πρὸς ὀθνείους ἀλλὰ μὴ πρὸς ἐμφυλίους ἀγῶνας ἤχθησαν. 8. Τότε δ' οὖν συνελθόντες ἐμάχοντο καρτερῶς, οὐδέτεροι διά τε ἀρετὴν καὶ τὴν εἰς τοὺς ἐναντίους ἀπέχθειαν εἴκοντες. Πολλῆς τε διαφθορᾶς ἀφ' ἑκατέρων γενομένης, τέλος οἱ περὶ τὸν Πομπήιον ἐκλείπουσι, καὶ πολλοὶ μὲν αὐτοῦ πίπτουσι, πολλοὶ δὲ σποράδες ἀπεχώρουν, τὸ στρατόπεδον ἔρημον διαρπάσαι τοῖς ἐναντίοις παραδόντες. Αὐτὸς δὲ Πομπήιος ὀλίγοις ἅμα τῶν ἑταίρων καὶ τοῖς φιλτάτοις ἀπεχώρει, Αἴγυπτον καταλαβεῖν ἐν σπουδῇ ποιούμενος, ὡς ἂν δοθείη οἱ πρὸς τοῦ τότε δυναστεύοντος ὠφέλεια, οὗπερ δὴ πάλαι τὸν πατέρα ὑπὸ τῶν πολιτῶν φυγαδευθέντα εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν ἀποκατέστησεν. 9. Ὁ δὲ Πτολεμαῖος ἀναπεισθεὶς ὑπὸ Θεοδότου τοῦ Χίου, πονηροῦ τὸν τρόπον ῥήτορος, τῆς τῶν κρατούντων γενέσθαι μοίρας, ἐν οὐδενὶ δὲ θέσθαι τὰ τῶν φίλων ἀτυχούντων· πρὶν καταπλεῦσαι μηδὲν μήτ' εἰπόντα μήτε ὀδυρόμενον ἀναιρεῖ τὸν Πομπήιον. Ὡς γὰρ