John Chrysostom, On John

stops your mouths, by attributing to the Father this “By whom,” which you say is a mark of inferiority. For, he says, God is faithful, by whom you were called into the fellowship of His Son; and again, By His will; and elsewhere, For from Him, and by Him, and to Him are all things. So that “From whom” is attributed not only to the Son, but also to the Spirit. For the angel said to Joseph, Do not be afraid to take Mary your wife; for that which is conceived in her is of the Holy Spirit; therefore, just as the Prophet does not disdain to attribute to God also the “In whom,” which belongs to the Spirit, saying thus, In God we shall do valiantly. And Paul, Making request, he says, if by some means, now at length, I might succeed in the will of God to come to you. And again he applies this to Christ, saying, In Christ Jesus. And in general we might find these words frequently and continuously interchanged; but this would not have happened unless the same substance underlay them everywhere. But lest you should suspect that “All things were made by Him” is now spoken of His miracles (for concerning 59.57 these the other evangelists have spoken), he adds after this, saying, He was in the world, and the world was made by Him; but not the Spirit; for This is not of the things that are made, but of those above all creation. But for now let us keep to what follows. For having spoken of the creation, John, as for instance, that All things were made by Him, and without Him was not anything made that was made; he adds also the word concerning providence, saying, In Him was life. For that no one might disbelieve how so many and so great things were made by Him, he added that, In Him was life. Just as, then, with a spring that gives birth to abysses, however much you take away, you have in no way diminished the spring; so also with the working of the Only-begotten, however many things you believe to have been produced and made by it, it has become no less; or rather, to use a more fitting example, I will speak of that of light, which he himself immediately added, saying, And the life was the light. Just as, then, the light, however many myriads it may illuminate, is in no way diminished in its own brightness; so also God, both before He worked and after He made, likewise remains without defect, being in nothing diminished, nor weakened by the vastness of creation; but even if it were necessary for ten thousand such worlds to be made, or even infinite worlds, He remains the same, sufficient for all, not only to bring them into being, but also to sustain them after their creation. For the name of life here signifies not only creation, but also the providence that sustains. And he also lays for us the foundation for the doctrine of the resurrection, and begins these wonderful good tidings. For since Life has come to us, the power of death is loosed, and since the light has shone upon us, darkness is no more, but living remains in us forever, and death cannot overcome it. So that what has been said of the Father might properly also be said of Him, that In Him we live, and move, and have our being. Which Paul also made clear when he said, For in Him all things were created, and in Him all things hold together. Wherefore He is also called root and foundation. But when you hear, “In Him was life,” do not suppose Him to be composite; for going on, he also says of the Father, As the Father has life in Himself, so He has granted the Son also to have life. But just as you would not on this account say the Father is composite, so neither the Son. For elsewhere he also says that God is light; and again, that He dwells in unapproachable light. But all these things have been said, not that we should suppose a composition, but that we might be led up little by little to the height of the doctrines. For since many would not easily have understood how His life is in subsistence, he first said that humbler thing, and then leads those who have been instructed to what is higher. For He who said, “He has granted Him to have life,” this one says again, I am the life; and again, I am the light. And what sort of light, tell me, is this? Not such as is sensible, but intelligible, illuminating the soul itself. For since Christ is about to say that No one can

ὑμῖν ἀποφράττει τὰ στόματα, τὸ, ∆ι' οὗ, τοῦτο ὅπερ ἐλαττώσεως εἶναι λέγεις, τῷ Πατρὶ προσνέμων. Πιστὸς γὰρ ὁ Θεὸς, φησὶ, δι' οὗ ἐκλήθητε εἰς κοινωνίαν τοῦ Υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ· καὶ πάλιν, ∆ιὰ τοῦ θελήματος αὐτοῦ· καὶ ἀλλαχοῦ, Ὅτι ἐξ αὐτοῦ, καὶ δι' αὐτοῦ, καὶ εἰς αὐτὸν τὰ πάντα. Ὥστε οὐ τῷ Υἱῷ μόνῳ τὸ, Ἐξ οὗ, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῷ Πνεύματι προσνενέμηται. Καὶ γὰρ τῷ Ἰωσὴφ ὁ ἄγγελος ἔλεγε· Μὴ φοβηθῇς παραλαβεῖν Μαριὰμ τὴν γυναῖκά σου· τὸ γὰρ ἐν αὐτῇ γεννηθὲν, ἐκ Πνεύματός ἐστιν ἁγίου· ὥσπερ οὖν καὶ τὸ, Ἐν ᾧ, τοῦ Πνεύματος ὂν, οὐκ ἀπαξιοῖ καὶ τῷ Θεῷ προσνέμειν ὁ Προφήτης, οὕτω λέγων· Ἐν τῷ Θεῷ ποιήσομεν δύναμιν. Καὶ ὁ Παῦλος, ∆εόμενος. φησὶν, εἴ πως ἤδη ποτὲ εὐοδωθήσομαι ἐν τῷ θελήματι τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐλθεῖν πρὸς ὑμᾶς. Καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ Χριστοῦ δὲ πάλιν τοῦτο τίθησι λέγων· Ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ. Καὶ ὅλως πολλάκις καὶ συνεχέστερον εὕροιμεν ἂν μεθισταμένας ταύτας τὰς λέξεις· ταῦτα δὲ οὐκ ἂν συνέβη μὴ πανταχοῦ τῆς αὐτῆς οὐσίας ὑποκειμένης. Ἵνα δὲ τὸ, Πάντα δι' αὐτοῦ ἐγένετο, μὴ περὶ τῶν σημείων ὑποπτεύσῃς νῦν λέγεσθαι (περὶ 59.57 γὰρ τούτων οἱ λοιποὶ διελέχθησαν εὐαγγελισταί), ἐπάγει μετὰ ταῦτα λέγων· Ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ ἦν, καὶ ὁ κόσμος δι' αὐτοῦ ἐγένετο· ἀλλ' οὐ τὸ Πνεῦμα· οὐδὲ γὰρ τῶν γενητῶν τοῦτο, ἀλλὰ τῶν ὑπὲρ τὴν κτίσιν ἅπασαν. Ἀλλὰ τέως ἐχώμεθα τῶν ἑξῆς. Εἰπὼν γὰρ περὶ τῆς δημιουργίας ὁ Ἰωάννης, οἷον, ὅτι Πάντα δι' αὐτοῦ ἐγένετο, καὶ χωρὶς αὐτοῦ ἐγένετο οὐδὲ ἓν ὃ γέγονεν· ἐπάγει καὶ τὸν περὶ τῆς προνοίας λόγον, Ἐν αὐτῷ ζωὴ ἦν, λέγων. Καὶ γὰρ ἵνα μηδεὶς ἀπιστήσῃ, πῶς τὰ τοσαῦτα καὶ τηλικαῦτα δι' αὐτοῦ γέγονεν, ἐπήγαγεν, ὅτι Ἐν αὐτῷ ζωὴ ἦν. Καθάπερ οὖν ἐπὶ τῆς πηγῆς τῆς τικτούσης ἀβύσσους, ὅσον ἂν ἀφέλῃς, οὐδὲν ἠλάττωσας τὴν πηγήν· οὕτω καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς ἐνεργείας τοῦ Μονογενοῦς, ὅσα ἂν πιστεύσῃς παρῆχθαι δι' αὐτῆς καὶ πεποιῆσθαι, οὐδὲν ἐλάττων αὕτη γέγονε· μᾶλλον δὲ, ἵν' οἰκειοτέρῳ χρήσωμαι παραδείγματι, τὸ τοῦ φωτὸς ἐρῶ, ὃ καὶ αὐτὸς ἐπήγαγεν εὐθέως, εἰπών· Καὶ ἡ ζωὴ ἦν τὸ φῶς. Ὥσπερ οὖν τὸ φῶς, ὅσας ἂν φωτίσῃ μυριάδας, οὐδὲν εἰς τὴν οἰκείαν ἐλαττοῦται λαμπρότητα· οὕτω καὶ ὁ Θεὸς, καὶ πρὸ τοῦ ἐργάσασθαι, καὶ μετὰ τὸ ποιῆσαι, ὁμοίως ἀνελλιπὴς μένει, μηδὲν ἐλαττούμενος, μηδὲ ἀτονῶν ἐκ τῆς δημιουργίας τῆς πολλῆς· ἀλλὰ κἂν μυρίους δέῃ γενέσθαι κόσμους τοιούτους, κἂν ἀπείρους, ὁ αὐτὸς μένει πᾶσιν ἀρκῶν, οὐ πρὸς τὸ παραγαγεῖν αὐτοὺς μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ πρὸς τὸ συγκρατῆσαι μετὰ τὴν δημιουργίαν αὐτούς. Τὸ γὰρ τῆς ζωῆς ὄνομα ἐνταῦθα οὐ τῆς δημιουργίας μόνον ἐστὶν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῆς προνοίας τῆς κατὰ τὴν διαμονήν. Καὶ τὸν περὶ τῆς ἀναστάσεως δὲ λόγον προκαταβάλλεται ἡμῖν, καὶ τῶν θαυμαστῶν τούτων εὐαγγελίων ἄρχεται. Τῆς γὰρ ζωῆς παραγενομένης πρὸς ἡμᾶς, λέλυται τοῦ θανάτου τὸ κράτος, καὶ τοῦ φωτὸς λάμψαντος ἡμῖν, οὐκ ἔτι τὸ σκότος ἐστὶν, ἀλλὰ μένει διαπαντὸς ἐν ἡμῖν τὸ ζῇν, καὶ θάνατος αὐτοῦ περιγενέσθαι οὐ δύναται. Ὥστε ὃ περὶ τοῦ Πατρὸς εἴρηται, καὶ περὶ τούτου κυρίως ἂν λεχθείη, ὅτι Ἐν αὐτῷ ζῶμεν, καὶ κινούμεθα, καὶ ἐσμέν. Ὃ καὶ Παῦλος δηλῶν ἔλεγεν Ὅτι ἐν αὐτῷ ἐκτίσθη τὰ πάντα, καὶ τὰ πάντα ἐν αὐτῷ συνέστηκε. ∆ιὸ καὶ ῥίζα καὶ θεμέλιος εἴρηται. Ὅταν δὲ ἀκούσῃς, ὅτι Ἐν αὐτῷ ζωὴ ἦν, μὴ σύνθετον ὑπολάβῃς· καὶ γὰρ προϊὼν καὶ περὶ τοῦ Πατρός φησιν· Ὥσπερ ὁ Πατὴρ ἔχει ζωὴν ἐν ἑαυτῷ, οὕτως ἔδωκε καὶ τῷ Υἱῷ ζωὴν ἔχειν. Ἀλλ' ὥσπερ τὸν Πατέρα οὐκ ἂν εἴποις διὰ τοῦτο συγκεῖσθαι, οὕτω μηδὲ τὸν Υἱόν. Καὶ γὰρ καὶ ἀλλαχοῦ φησιν, ὅτι Φῶς ἐστιν ὁ Θεός· καὶ πάλιν, ὅτι Φῶς οἰκεῖ ἀπρόσιτον. Ταῦτα δὲ πάντα εἴρηται, οὐχ ἵνα σύνθεσιν ὑπολάβωμεν, ἀλλ' ἵνα κατὰ μικρὸν ἀναχθῶμεν πρὸς τὸ τῶν δογμάτων ὕψος. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ οὐκ ἂν εὐκόλως ἐνόησέ τις τῶν πολλῶν, πῶς ἐστιν αὐτοῦ ἐνυπόστατος ἡ ζωὴ, πρότερον μὲν ἐκεῖνο εἶπε τὸ ταπεινότερον, ἔπειτα δὲ παιδευθέντας πρὸς τὸ ὑψηλότερον ἄγει. Ὁ γὰρ εἰπὼν, ὅτι Ἔδωκεν αὐτῷ ζωὴν ἔχειν, οὗτος πάλιν φησὶν, Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ζωή· καὶ πάλιν, Ἐγώ εἰμι τὸ φῶς. Καὶ ποταπὸν, εἰπέ μοι, τοῦτο τὸ φῶς; Οὐ τοιοῦτον αἰσθητὸν, ἀλλὰ νοητὸν, τὴν ψυχὴν φωτίζον αὐτήν. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ μέλλει λέγειν ὁ Χριστὸς, ὅτι Οὐδεὶς δύναται