26

He perceived that he could neither hide nor escape, he covered himself and at the same time perished. And to an unholy deed Ptolemy, adding a still greater impiety, deprives the man of his head. 10. And after the suffering of Pompey, Caesar also arrived immediately in Egypt, having for a long time been pursuing his enemy, but arriving then as if to a friend, Ptolemy. But he, as it turned out, was plotting similar things also against Caesar, having resolved to kill the man by ambush. And when the plot was discovered, Ptolemy is revealed as an enemy, and having come to battle with the Romans, he is killed in the very struggle. At any rate, a little later he was found among the dead, wearing a golden breastplate of ring mail. And Caesar, having taken Egypt, hands over the rule to Cleopatra, who was the sister of the previous king, and known to him from the beauty of her body. For they say that she came into union of the bed with this first of the Romans. And while Caesar was staying in Egypt on her account, a report took hold of the populace that a revolt against him also occurred among the natives, and that many tens of thousands were killed from there by Roman arms. 11. And Caesar, hearing that Pharnaces, the son of Mithridates, had begun to foment a revolution again, departed from Egypt; and having campaigned against him, and enclosed him in a certain place of Thessaly, he forced him to come to a self-inflicted death, leading him to that end of life to which he himself had previously driven his father. 12. When, having accomplished these things, he returned to Rome, having proclaimed himself consul for the third time, and having chosen Marcus Aemilius Lepidus as a partner in his rule, who in the previous year had been his Master of the Horse while he ruled as monarch, and having recalled many of the Pompeians, and having granted great gifts and remission of debts to the Roman people, and having appointed praetors as curators of necessities, and priests beyond the customary number for the city, and having enrolled the knights and centurions and certain others, he leaves the civil administration and the aged soldiers to Sallust, and he himself crossed over to Libya, where the great and most distinguished part of the Roman nobility had gathered, and, using Juba the king of the Maurusians as an ally, renewed the war. 13. The leaders of the Romans who had gathered there were Publius Cornelius, a descendant of Scipio Africanus, and who happened to be Pompey's father-in-law, and Marcus Petreius and Quintus Varus, and Marcus Porcius Cato the philosopher, and Cornelius Faustus, being the son of Sulla the monarch; against whom Caesar, having drawn up his forces, after many attacks and various fortunes in the actions, is completely victorious; so that Cato and Scipio, and Petreius and Juba killed themselves with their own hands, and Faustus the son of Sulla, who was married to Pompey's daughter, was killed by Caesar himself. 14. A year later, then, Gaius, having returned to Rome, declared himself consul for the fourth time, and taking up his forces, proceeded straight to the Iberian lands. For indeed the sons of Pompey, having the same name as each other and their father, Gnaeus Pompeius and Sextus Pompeius, having raised great forces again, renewed the war. When Caesar arrived, at any rate, many and fierce battles were joined; but the last takes place near the city of Munda; in which they say Caesar came so close to danger, that when his own phalanx was already breaking, he drew his sword against himself, wishing to be dead before, after so much glory from military deeds, he should fall at the hand of two youths, a man already having nearly reached old age. But nevertheless, having rallied the fugitives and having reformed the ranks, he falls upon the enemy, and is manifestly victorious. And of Pompey's sons the elder is killed in the battle, but the younger is saved with difficulty. 15. Caesar, therefore, when all the civil enemies were now (l.

26

ᾔσθετο ὅτι οὔτε λαθεῖν οὔτε διαφυγεῖν δύναται, συνεκαλύψατο ἅμα καὶ ἀπώλετο. Ἀνοσίᾳ τε πράξει μεῖζον ἔτι προστιθεὶς ὁ Πτολεμαῖος ἀσέβημα, τῆς κεφαλῆς ἀφαιρεῖται τὸν ἄνδρα. 10. Μετὰ δὲ τὸ πάθος τοῦ Πομπηίου παρῆν εὐθὺς καὶ ὁ Καῖσαρ ἐς Αἴγυπτον, πάλαι μὲν διώκων τὸν πολέμιον, τότε δὲ ὡς παρὰ φίλον τὸν Πτολεμαῖον ἀφιγμένος. Ὁ δὲ ἄρα παραπλήσια καὶ κατὰ τοῦ Καίσαρος ἐβουλεύετο, ἀνελεῖν τὸν ἄνδρα λόχῳ διεγνωκώς. Ἀνοιχθείσης δὲ τῆς ἐπιβουλῆς, πολέμιος ὁ Πτολεμαῖος ἀναφαίνεται, καὶ διὰ μάχης ἐλθὼν τοῖς Ῥωμαίοις, κατ' αὐτὸν τὸν ἀγῶνα διαφθείρεται. Μικρὸν γοῦν ὕστερον ἐν τοῖς νεκροῖς ἀνευρέθη κρικωτὸν θώρακα χρυσοῦν περικείμενος. Αἴγυπτον δὲ Καῖσαρ ἑλὼν, Κλεοπάτρᾳ τὴν ἀρχὴν παραδίδωσιν, ἀδελφῇ μὲν τοῦ πρότερον βασιλεύοντος οὔσῃ, ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς ὥρας αὐτῷ τοῦ σώματος ἐγνωσμένῃ. Φασὶ γὰρ αὐτὴν τῷδε πρώτῳ Ῥωμαίων ἐς κοινωνίαν λέχους ἐλθεῖν. Ἐνδημοῦντος δὲ διὰ ταύτην τοῦ Καίσαρος ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ, λόγος κατέσχε τὸ πλῆθος, ὡς καὶ ἐπανάστασιν αὐτῷ παρὰ τῶν ἐγχωρίων γενέσθαι, καὶ πολλὰς μυριάδας ὑπὸ τῶν Ῥωμαϊκῶν ὅπλων ἐντεῦθεν διαφθαρῆναι. 11. Ὁ δὲ Καῖσαρ ἀκούσας τὸν Μιθριδάτου παῖδα Φαρνάκην αὖθις νεωτερίζειν ἀρξάμενον, ἀπῆρε μὲν ἀπὸ τῆς Αἰγύπτου· καὶ καταστρατευσάμενος ἐπ' αὐτὸν, καὶ περικλείσας ἐν τόπῳ τινὶ τῆς Θετταλίας, πρὸς αὐτόχειρα θάνατον τοῦτον ἐλθεῖν ἠνάγκασεν, ἐς ταύτην αὐτὸν ἀγαγὼν τὴν τελευτὴν τοῦ βίου, ἐς ἣν αὐτὸς πρότερον τὸν πατέρα συνήλασεν. 12. Ἐπειδὴ ταῦτα διαπραξάμενος ἐπανῆλθεν ἐς τὴν Ῥώμην, τρίτον ἑαυτὸν ὕπατον ἀνειπὼν, καὶ κοινωνὸν τῆς ἀρχῆς προσελόμενος Μάρκον Αἰμίλιον Λέπιδον, ὃς κατὰ τὸν ἔμπροσθεν ἐνιαυτὸν ἵππαρχος ἦν αὐτῷ κατὰ μοναρχίαν ἐξηγουμένῳ, πολλούς τε τῶν Πομπηιανῶν ἀνακαλεσάμενος, τῷ τε δήμῳ Ῥωμαίων μεγάλας δωρεὰς καὶ ἀφέσεις χρεῶν χαρισάμενος, στρατηγούς τε τῶν ἀναγκαίων ἐπιμελητὰς, καὶ ἱερεῖς ὑπὲρ τὸ νενομισμένον καταστήσας τῇ πόλει, τούς τε ἱππέας καὶ ἑκατοντάρχας ἄλλους τέ τινας καταλέξας, Σαλουστίῳ τὴν πολιτικὴν διοίκησιν καταλιμπάνει καὶ τοὺς γεγηρακότας στρατιώτας, αὐτός τε ἐπὶ τὴν Λιβύην ἐπεραιοῦτο, ἔνθα τὸ πολὺ καὶ γνωριμώτατον τῆς Ῥωμαϊκῆς εὐγενείας συνελθὸν, συμμάχῳ τε χρώμενον Ἰώβᾳ τῷ βασιλεῖ τῶν Μαυρουσίων, ἀνενεοῦτο τὸν πόλεμον. 13. Ἡγοῦντο δὲ τῶν συνεληλυθότων ἐνταῦθα Ῥωμαίων Πόπλιος Κορνήλιος, Σκιπίωνος Ἀφρικανοῦ γεγονὼς, κηδεστὴς δὲ Πομπηίου τυγχάνων, καὶ Μάρκος Πετρήιος καὶ Κόϊντος βάρος, καὶ Μάρκος Πόρκιος Κάτων ὁ φιλόσοφος, καὶ Κορνήλιος Φαῦστος Σύλλου τοῦ μοναρχήσαντος παῖς ὤν· οἷς ἀντιταξάμενος ὁ Καῖσαρ μετὰ πολλὰς προσβολὰς καὶ διαφόρους τῶν πραττομένων τύχας, κρατεῖ παντάπασιν· ὡς Κάτωνα μὲν καὶ Σκιπίωνα, Πετρήιόν τε καὶ Ἰώβαν αὐτόχειρας σφᾶς αὐτοὺς ἀνελεῖν, Φαῦστόν τε τὸν παῖδα Σύλλου συνοικοῦντα θυγατρὶ Πομπηίου, πρὸς αὐτοῦ διαφθαρῆναι τοῦ Καίσαρος. 14. Ἐνιαυτὸν δὴ οὖν ὕστερον ἀναστρέψας ἐπὶ τὴν Ῥώμην ὁ Γάϊος, τέταρτον ἑαυτὸν ἀπέδειξεν ὕπατον, καὶ τὰς δυνάμεις ἀναλαβὼν, εὐθὺ ἐπὶ τὰς Ἰβηρίας ἐχώρει. Οἱ γὰρ δὴ τοῦ Πομπηίου παῖδες, ἑαυτοῖς τε καὶ τῷ πατρὶ καθεστῶτες ὁμώνυμοι, Γναῖος Πομπήιος καὶ Σέξτος Πομπήιος, μεγάλας ἐγείραντες αὖθις δυνάμεις, ἀνενεοῦντο τὸν πόλεμον. Ἐπεὶ γοῦν Καῖσαρ ἀφίκετο, πολλαὶ μὲν καὶ καρτεραὶ συνίσταντο μάχαι· ἐσχάτη δὲ πόλεως Μούνδης πλησίον γίνεται· καθ' ἥν φασι παρὰ τόσον ἐλθεῖν κινδύνου τὸν Καίσαρα, ὡς παρερρηγμένης ἤδη τῆς οἰκείας φάλαγγος, σπάσαι καθ' ἑαυτοῦ τὸ ξίφος, τεθνάναι βουλόμενον πρὶν μετὰ τοσήνδε τῶν πολεμικῶν ἔργων δόξαν, ὑπὸ χεῖρα δύω μειρακίων πέσοι ἀνὴρ ἤδη πρὸς γῆρας σχεδὸν ἀφιγμένος. Ἀνακαλεσάμενος δὲ ὅμως τοὺς φεύγοντας, καὶ τὰς τάξεις ἀνανεωσάμενος, ἐπιπίπτει τοῖς ἐναντίοις, καὶ κρατεῖ περιφανῶς. Τῶν δὲ Πομπηίου παίδων ὁ μὲν πρεσβύτερος ἐν τῇ παρατάξει διαφθείρεται, ὁ δὲ νεώτερος ἀγαπητῶς διασώζεται. 15. Ὁ τοίνυν Καῖσαρ, ἁπάντων ἤδη τῶν ἐμφυλίων πολεμίων (λ.