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mere conception. Union occurs in different ways: for it happens either by mixing, as in the case of different flours being kneaded and mixed together, -or by adhesion, as in the case of bronze and lead, -or by joining, as in the case of stones and woods, -or by fusion, as in the case of things that can be melted and of metals, of things that can be melted such as wax and pitch and such things, and of metals such as gold and silver and such things, -or by mingling, as in the case of liquids, for example wine and water, wine and honey. -But union by composition is the perichoresis of the parts into one another without their being destroyed, as is the case with the soul and the body, which union some have called commixture or connaturality. But it should be known that some of the fathers did not accept the term of mixture for the mystery concerning Christ, but all accepted union by composition. And this is the hypostatic union, which is by composition. Therefore, that which is hypostatic is a thing subsisting from different natures. And again, that which is hypostatic is that which is from two things, but in one person. And further, hypostatic union is a nature that runs to another hypostasis. And mixture is a juxtaposition of bodies, a mutual penetration of qualities. And again, mixture is a coming together of different substances and a mutual interpenetration of their qualities. Mixture is a coupling of bodies mixing their qualities with one another. There is also union by juxtaposition; and it is like that by joining. Again, a union is called personal, when someone, assuming the person of another, makes speeches on his behalf in his place, and a relative union, as of a friend to a friend. But Nestorius devises other unions, I mean according to worth and equality of honor and identity of will and good pleasure and identity of name. But one must know that in the hypostatic union the intelligible things are also united to those able to receive them, just as things that are co-corrupted and united remain unconfused and incorrupt and unchangeable, as things that are juxtaposed; for such is the nature of intelligible things. 49 There are six definitions of philosophy. 1. Philosophy is knowledge of beings, as they are beings, that is, of their nature. 2. Philosophy is knowledge of things divine and human. 3. Philosophy is the practice of death, both voluntary and natural. 4. Philosophy is likeness to God as far as is possible for man; and we become like God according to justice and holiness and goodness. For justice is that which distributes what is equal, that is, neither to do wrong nor to be wronged nor to show partiality in judgment, but to render to each according to his works, and holiness is that which is beyond justice, that is, the good, which is to endure being wronged and to forgive those who do wrong and rather to do good to them. 5. Philosophy is the art of arts and the science of sciences; for philosophy is the beginning of every art, for through it every art has been discovered. 6. Philosophy is the love of wisdom; and true wisdom is God. Therefore, the love for God, this is true philosophy. And philosophy is divided into the theoretical and the practical; the theoretical into the theological, the mathematical, the physiological; the mathematical into arithmetic, music, geometry, astronomy; and the practical into the ethical, the economic, the political. Therefore, the theoretical is to understand both incorporeal and immaterial things, that is, concerning God, who is primarily and properly incorporeal and immaterial; then also concerning angels and demons and souls, which themselves are also called immaterial in relation to the body, even if they are material in relation to that which is properly immaterial, that is, the divine. This, then, is the theological. And to contemplate is also [to contemplate] the nature of material things, that is, of animals and plants and stones and such things, which is the physiological.

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ψιλὴ ἐπίνοια. Ἕνωσις γίνεται κατὰ διαφόρους τρόπους· ἢ γὰρ κατὰ φυρμὸν γίνεται ὡς ἐπὶ διαφόρων ἀλεύρων ἀναφυρομένων καὶ μιγνυμένων, -ἢ κατὰ κόλλησιν ὡς ἐπὶ χαλκοῦ καὶ μολύβδου, -ἢ κατὰ ἁρμονίαν ὡς ἐπὶ λίθων καὶ ξύλων, -ἢ κατὰ σύγχυσιν ὡς ἐπὶ τῶν τηκτῶν καὶ τῶν μεταλλικῶν, τηκτῶν μὲν κηροῦ καὶ πίσσης καὶ τῶν τοιούτων, μεταλλικῶν δὲ χρυσοῦ καὶ ἀργύρου καὶ τῶν τοιούτων, -ἢ κατὰ ἀνάκρασιν ὡς ἐπὶ τῶν ὑγρῶν, οἴνου τυχὸν καὶ ὕδατος, οἴνου καὶ μέλιτος. -Ἡ δὲ κατὰ σύνθεσιν ἕνωσίς ἐστιν ἡ εἰς ἄλληλα τῶν μερῶν χωρὶς ἀφανισμοῦ περιχώρησις ὡς ἐπὶ ψυχῆς ἔχει καὶ τοῦ σώματος, ἥντινα ἕνωσίν τινες σύγκρασιν ἐκάλεσαν ἢ συμφυΐαν. Ἰστέον δέ, ὥς τινες τῶν πατέρων τὸ τῆς κράσεως ὄνομα ἐπὶ τοῦ κατὰ Χριστὸν μυστηρίου οὐ κατεδέξαντο, τὴν δὲ κατὰ σύνθεσιν ἕνωσιν ἅπαντες. Αὕτη δέ ἐστιν ἡ καθ' ὑπόστασιν ἕνωσις ἡ κατὰ σύνθεσιν. Καθ' ὑπόστασιν μὲν οὖν ἐστι τὸ ἐκ διαφόρων φύσεων ὑφεστὸς πρᾶγμα. Καὶ πάλιν καθ' ὑπόστασίν ἐστι τὸ ἐκ δύο μὲν πραγμάτων, ἐν ἑνὶ δὲ προσώπῳ. Καὶ ἔτι καθ' ὑπόστασιν ἕνωσίς ἐστιν ἡ ἑτέρᾳ ὑποστάσει προστρέχουσα φύσις. Κρᾶσις δέ ἐστι σωμάτων παράθεσις, ποιοτήτων ἀντέμβασις. Καὶ πάλιν κρᾶσίς ἐστιν οὐσιῶν ἀλλήλαις ἑτεροίων συνδρομὴ καὶ τῶν περὶ αὐτὰς ποιοτήτων ἀντεμβολή. Κρᾶσίς ἐστι σύζευξις σωμάτων ἀντικιρνώντων ἀλλήλοις τὰς ἐν αὐτοῖς ποιότητας. Ἔστιν ἕνωσις καὶ ἡ κατὰ παράθεσιν· ἔοικε δὲ τῇ κατὰ ἁρμονίαν. Πάλιν ἕνωσις λέγεται προσωπική, ὅταν τις τὸ τοῦ ἑτέρου ὑποδυόμενος πρόσωπον ἀντ' αὐτοῦ τοὺς ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ ποιῆται λόγους, καὶ ἕνωσις σχετικὴ ὡς φίλου πρὸς φίλον. Ὁ δὲ Νεστόριος καὶ ἄλλας ἐπινοεῖ ἑνώσεις, κατὰ τὴν ἀξίαν φημὶ καὶ ὁμοτιμίαν καὶ ταυτοβουλίαν καὶ εὐδοκίαν καὶ ὁμωνυμίαν. ∆εῖ δὲ γινώσκειν, ὅτι ἐπὶ τῆς καθ' ὑπόστασιν ἑνώσεως τὰ νοητὰ καὶ ἑνοῦνται τοῖς δυναμένοις αὐτὰ δέξασθαι ὡς τὰ συνεφθαρμένα καὶ ἑνούμενα μένει ἀσύγχυτα καὶ ἀδιάφθορα καὶ ἀναλλοίωτα ὡς τὰ παρακείμενα· τοιαύτην γὰρ ἔχει φύσιν τὰ νοητά. 49 Ὁρισμοὶ τῆς φιλοσοφίας εἰσὶν ἕξ. αʹ Φιλοσοφία ἐστὶ γνῶσις τῶν ὄντων, ᾗ ὄντα ἐστίν, ἤγουν τῆς φύσεως αὐτῶν. βʹ Φιλοσοφία ἐστὶ γνῶσις θείων τε καὶ ἀνθρωπίνων πραγμάτων. γʹ Φιλοσοφία ἐστὶ μελέτη θανάτου τοῦ τε προαιρετικοῦ τοῦ τε φυσικοῦ. δʹ Φιλοσοφία ἐστὶν ὁμοίωσις θεῷ κατὰ τὸ δυνατὸν ἀνθρώπῳ· ὁμοιούμεθα δὲ θεῷ κατὰ τὸ δίκαιον καὶ ὅσιον καὶ ἀγαθόν. ∆ίκαιον μὲν οὖν ἐστι τὸ τοῦ ἴσου διανεμητικὸν ἤτοι μήτε ἀδικεῖν μήτε ἀδικεῖσθαι μήτε λαμβάνειν πρόσωπον ἐν κρίσει, ἀλλ' ἀποδιδόναι ἑκάστῳ κατὰ τὰ ἔργα αὐτοῦ, ὅσιον δὲ τὸ ὑπὲρ τὸ δίκαιον ἤτοι τὸ ἀγαθὸν τὸ ἀδικούμενον ἀνέχεσθαι καὶ συγχωρεῖν τοῖς ἀδικοῦσι καὶ μᾶλλον εὐεργετεῖν αὐτούς. εʹ Φιλοσοφία ἐστὶ τέχνη τεχνῶν καὶ ἐπιστήμη ἐπιστημῶν· ἡ γὰρ φιλοσοφία ἀρχή ἐστι πάσης τέχνης, δι' αὐτῆς γὰρ πᾶσα τέχνη εὕρηται. ϛʹ Φιλοσοφία ἐστὶ φιλία σοφίας· σοφία δὲ ἀληθὴς ὁ θεός ἐστιν. Ἡ οὖν ἀγάπη ἡ πρὸς τὸν θεόν, αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ ἀληθὴς φιλοσοφία. ∆ιαιρεῖται δὲ ἡ φιλοσοφία εἰς θεωρητικὸν καὶ πρακτικόν· τὸ θεωρητικὸν εἰς θεολογικόν, μαθηματικόν, φυσιολογικόν· τὸ μαθηματικὸν εἰς ἀριθμητικόν, μουσικόν, γεωμετρικόν, ἀστρονομικόν· τὸ δὲ πρακτικὸν εἰς ἠθικόν, οἰκονομικόν, πολιτικόν. Θεωρητικὸν μὲν οὖν ἐστι τὸ κατανοεῖν τά τε ἀσώματα καὶ ἄυλα ἤγουν περὶ θεοῦ, ὃ πρώτως καὶ κυρίως ἐστὶν ἀσώματον καὶ ἄυλον· ἔπειτα καὶ περὶ ἀγγέλων καὶ δαιμόνων καὶ ψυχῶν, ἃ καὶ αὐτὰ ὅσον πρὸς τὸ σῶμα ἄυλα λέγονται, εἰ καὶ πρὸς τὸ κυρίως ἄυλον ἤγουν τὸ θεῖον ὑλικά εἰσι. Τοῦτο τοίνυν ἐστὶ τὸ θεολογικόν. Θεωρεῖν δέ ἐστι καὶ τὴν τῶν ὑλικῶν φύσιν ἤγουν ζῴων καὶ φυτῶν καὶ λίθων καὶ τῶν τοιούτων, ὅπερ ἐστὶ τὸ φυσιολογικόν.