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beings, but the deliberative is practical, which defines for the practical faculties the right reason. And they call the theoretical intellect, and the practical reason, and the one wisdom, and the other prudence. But if this is true, then the teacher has likely named action reason from its cause, but not from its matter, designating it a state which has no opposite. For the contemplative man abides by what is true rationally and gnostically, but not polemically and contentiously, and on account of the pleasure he takes in them, he cannot bear to see anything else besides them.

But if it is necessary to make this clearer in another way, again, those who have expounded the principles of perfection according to virtue say (14∆_124> that those who have not yet become pure of communion with matter in respect to relation are occupied with practical matters, their judgment concerning beings being still mixed, and they are mutable, not yet having put away their relation to mutable things; but those who through perfection approach God in relation, and who reap blessedness in the contemplation of Him, being turned only toward themselves and God, by genuinely having broken the bonds of material relation, are completely estranged from practical matters and from matter, but are made intimate with contemplation and with God. For this reason, they say, they remain immutable, no longer having a relation to matter, according to which one who is held fast by matter in relation is by nature compelled to be unnaturally altered along with matter which is naturally altered, and knowing that the one wishing to be freed from it needs the greatest power 1112 for the putting away of material passion, the teacher says, “For whomsoever it was granted through reason and contemplation, having passed through matter and this fleshly thing—whether one should call it a cloud or a veil—to be with God, and so forth.”

S (6). HOW THE FLESH IS A CLOUD AND A VEIL

How the flesh is a cloud and a veil. And why does the teacher say the flesh is a cloud and a veil? As one who knows that every human mind that wanders, and deviates from its natural movement, directs its movement around passion and sensation and sensible things, having nowhere else to be moved, having missed the movement that naturally bears it toward God, and he divided the flesh into passion and sensation, for both belong to animate flesh, having indicated these things by means of the cloud and the veil. For the carnal passion is a cloud that casts a shadow over the ruling faculty of the soul, and the deception according to sensation is a veil, propping it up on the surfaces of sensible things and walling it off from passage to intelligible things, through which things, (14∆_126> acquiring a forgetfulness of natural goods, it turns its whole energy toward sensible things, inventing unseemly angers and desires and pleasures through the things that have been mentioned.

G (7). HOW PLEASURE COMES TO BE

How pleasure comes to be. For every forbidden pleasure is by nature produced from passion through the medium of sensation toward some

sensible object. For pleasure is nothing other than a form of sensation being shaped in the faculty of sensation through some sensible object, or a mode of sensory activity established according to irrational desire. For desire, when added to sensation, turns into pleasure, introducing a form to it, and sensation, when moved according to desire, produces pleasure upon receiving the sensible object. The saints, therefore, knowing that the soul, being moved unnaturally toward matter through the medium of the flesh, takes on the earthly form, they themselves, through the medium rather of the soul being moved naturally toward God and the flesh

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ὄντα, πρακτικόν δέ τό βουλευτικόν, τό ὁρίζον τοῖς πρακτικοῖς τόν ὀρθόν λόγον. Καί καλοῦσι τό μέν θεωρητικόν νοῦν, τό δέ πρακτικόν λόγον, καί τό μέν σοφίαν, τό δέ φρόνησιν. Εἰ δέ τοῦτο ἀληθές, ἐκ τῆς αἰτίας ἄρα τήν πρᾶξιν κατά τό εἰκός, ἀλλ᾿ οὐκ ἐκ τῆς ὕλης ὠνόμασεν ὁ διδάσκαλος λόγον, τήν μηδέν ἔχουσαν ἀντικείμενον ἕξιν προσαγορεύσας. Λογικῶς γάρ καί γνωστικῶς, ἀλλ᾿ οὐ πολεμικῶς καί ἀγωνιστικῶς ἐμμέναι τοῖς ἀληθέσιν ὁ θεωρητικός, καί πλήν αὐτῶν ἄλλο τι ὁρᾷν διά τήν πρός αὐτά ἡδονήν οὐκ ἀνέχεται.

Εἰ δέ χρή καί ἄλλως σαφέστερον τοῦτο ποιήσαθαι, πάλιν οἱ τῆς κατ᾿ ἀρετήν τελειότητος τούς λόγους γυμνάσαντές φασι (14∆_124> τούς μήπω τῆς πρός τήν ὕλην κατά τήν σχέσιν κοινωνίας καθαρούς γεγονότας περί τά πρακτικά καταγίνεσθαι, μικτῆς οὔσης αὐτοῖς ἔτι τῆς περί τά ὄντα κρίσεως, καί εἰσί τρεπτοί, μήπω τήν περί τά τρεπτά σχέσιν ἀποθέμενοι· τούς δέ δι᾿ ἀκρότητα τῷ Θεῷ κατά σχέσιν πλησιάζοντας, καί τῇ τούτου κατανοήσει τό μακάριον καρπουμένους, πρός ἑαυτούς μόνον καί τόν Θεόν ἐστραμμένους τῷ ῥῆξαι γνησίως τῆς ὑλικῆς σχέσεως τά δεσμά τῶν μέν πρακτικῶν καί τῆς ὕλης παντελῶς ἠλλοτριῶσθαι, τῇ δέ θεωρίᾳ καί τῷ Θεῷ προσῳκειῶσθαι. ∆ιό, φασί, καί μένουσιν ἄτρεπτοι, μή ἔχοντες ἔτι τήν πρός τήν ὕλην σχέσιν, καθ᾿ ἥν τῇ ὕλῃ φυσικῶς ἀλλοιουμένῃ παρά φύσιν συνεξαλλοιοῦσθαι ἐξ ἀνάγκης πέφυκεν ὁ τῇ ὕλῃ κατά τήν σχέσιν κεκρατημένος, καί μεγίστης εἰδώς δεῖσθαι δυνάμεως 1112 πρός ἀπόθεσιν τῆς ὑλικῆς προσπαθείας τόν αὐτῆς ἐλευθερωθῆναι βουλόμενόν φησιν ὁ διδάσκαλος, " Ὧ τινι μέν οὖν ἐξεγένετο διά λόγου καί θεωρίας διασχόντι τήν ὕλην καί τό σαρκικόν τοῦτο, εἴτε νέφος χρή λέγειν εἴτε προκάλυμμα, Θεῷ συγγενέσθαι, καί τά ἑξῆς».

S (6). ΠΩΣ ΕΣΤΙ ΝΕΦΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΠΡΟΚΑΛΥΜΜΑ Η ΣΑΡΞ

Πῶς ἐστι νέφος καί προκάλυμμα ἡ σάρξ. ∆ιά τί δέ νέφος εἶναι καί προκάλυμμα τήν σάρκα φησίν ὁ διδάσκαλος; ὡς

εἰδώς ὅτι πᾶς ἀνθρώπινος νοῦς πλανώμενος, καί τῆς κατά φύσιν ἀπονεύων κινήσεως, περί πάθος καί αἴσθησιν καί αἰσθητά ποιεῖται τήν κίνησιν, οὐκ ἔχων ἄλλοθί ποι κινηθῆναι, τῆς πρός Θεόν φυσικῶς φερούσης κινήσεως διαμαρτήσας, καί διεῖλε τήν σάρκα εἰς πάθος καί αἴσθησιν, σαρκός γάρ ἐμψύχου ἀμφότερα διά τοῦ νέφους καί τοῦ προκαλύμματος ταῦτα δηλώσας. Νέφος γάρ ἐστι τῷ ἡγεμονικῷ τῆς ψυχῆς ἐπισκοτοῦν τό σαρκικόν παθος, καί προκάλυμμά ἐστιν ἡ κατ᾿ αἴσθησιν ἀπάτη, ταῖς ἐπιφανείαις τῶν αἰσθητῶν αὐτήν ἐπερείδουσα καί τῆς πρός τά νοητά διαβάσεως ἀποτειχίζουσα, δι᾿ ὧν (14∆_126> λήθην τῶν φυσικῶν ἀγαθῶν λαμβάνουσα περί τά αἰσθητά τήν ὅλην αὐτῆς ἐνέργειαν καταστρέφει, θυμούς καί ἐπιθυμίας καί ἡδονάς διά τῶν εἰρημένων ἀπρεπεῖς ἐφευρίσκουσα.

Ζ (7). ΠΩΣ Η∆ΟΝΗ ΓΙΝΕΤΑΙ

Πῶς ἡδονή γίνεται. Πᾶσα γάρ ἡδονή τῶν ἀπηγορευμένων ἐκ πάθους διά μέσης αἰσθήσεως πρός τι

πάντως γίνεσθαι πέφυκεν αἰσθητόν. Οὐδέ γάρ ἄλλο τί ἐστι ἡδονή ἤ εἴδος αἰσθήσεως ἐν τῷ αἰσθητικῷ διά τινος αἰσθητοῦ μορφουμένης, ἤ τρόπος αἰσθητικῆς ἐνεργείας κατ᾿ ἐπιθυμίαν ἄλογον συνιστάμενος. Ἐπιθυμία γάρ αἰσθήσει προστεθεῖσα εἰς ἡδονήν μεταπίπτει, εἶδος αὐτῇ ἐπάγουσα, καί αἴσθησις κατ᾿ ἐπιθυμίαν κινηθεῖσα ἡδονήν ἀπεργάζεται τό αἰσθητόν προσλαβοῦσα. Γνόντες οὖν οἱ ἅγιοι, ὅτι διά μέσης σαρκός πρός τήν ὕλην ἡ ψυχή παρά φύσιν κινουμένη τήν χοϊκήν μορφήν ὑποδύεται, διά μέσης μᾶλλον ψυχῆς κατά φύσιν αὐτοί πρός τόν Θεόν κινουμένης καί τήν σάρκα