A Treatise on the Account of the Creation of the World, as Given by Moses.

 I. (1) Of other lawgivers, some have set forth what they considered to be just and reasonable, in a naked and unadorned manner, while others, investin

 II. (7) For some men, admiring the world itself rather than the Creator of the world, have represented it as existing without any maker, and eternal

 III. (13) And he says that the world was made in six days, not because the Creator stood in need of a length of time (for it is natural that God shoul

 IV. We must mention as much as we can of the matters contained in his account, since to enumerate them all is impossible for he embraces that beautif

 V. (20) As therefore the city, when previously shadowed out in the mind of the man of architectural skill had no external place, but was stamped solel

 VI. (23) And God, not being urged on by any prompter (for who else could there have been to prompt him?) but guided by his own sole will, decided that

 VII. (26) Moses says also In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth: taking the beginning to be, not as some men think, that which is a

 VIII. (30) And air and light he considered worthy of the pre-eminence. For the one he called the breath of God, because it is air, which is the most l

 IX. (32) Moses is right also when he says, that darkness was over the face of the abyss. For the air is in a manner spread above the empty space, si

 X. (36) The incorporeal world then was already completed, having its seat in the Divine Reason and the world, perceptible by the external senses, was

 XI. (38) And after this, as the whole body of water in existence was spread over all the earth, and had penetrated through all its parts, as if it wer

 XII. (40) After this he began to adorn the land, for he bade it bring forth grass, and bear corn, producing every kind of herb, and plains clothed wit

 XIII. (42) But in the first creation of the universe, as I have said already, God produced the whole race of trees out of the earth in full perfection

 XIV. (45) And on the fourth day, after he had embellished the earth, he diversified and adorned the heaven: not giving the precedence to the inferior

 XV. (47) This is the cause why the earth bore fruit and herbs before God proceeded to adorn the heaven. And next the heaven was embellished in the per

 XVI. (49) There is also another power of the number four which is a most wonderful one to speak of and to contemplate. For it was this number that fir

 XVII. (53) The aforesaid number therefore being accounted worthy of such pre-eminence in nature, the Creator of necessity adorned the heaven by the nu

 XVIII. (55) But the Creator having a regard to that idea of light perceptible only by the intellect, which has been spoken of in the mention made of t

 XIX. (58) And they have been created, as Moses tells us, not only that they might send light upon the earth, but also that they might display signs of

 XX. (62) Then when earth and heaven had been adorned with their befitting ornaments, one with a triad, and the other, as has been already said, with a

 XXI. (64) So now when the air and the water had received their appropriate races of animals as an allotment that was their due, God again summoned the

 XXII. (67) So at last all things were created and existing together. But when they all were collected in one place, then some sort of order was necess

 XXIII. (69) So then after all the other things, as has been said before, Moses says that man was made in the image and likeness of God. And he says we

 XXIV. (72) And he would not err who should raise the question why Moses attributed the creation of man alone not to one creator, as he did that of oth

 XXV. (77) And some one may inquire the cause why it was that man was the last work in the creation of the world. For the Creator and Father created hi

 XXVI. (79) This is the first reason on account of which it seems that man was created after all other animals. And there is another not altogether unr

 XXVII. (82) I have now mentioned the second reason. There is also a third, which is as follows:--God, intending to adapt the beginning and the end of

 XXVIII. (83) And besides all this, another is also mentioned among the necessary causes. It was necessary that man should be the last of all created b

 XXIX. (87) And any one who was inclined to dwell upon this subject might bring forward a great many other instances, to prove that there is no animal

 XXX. (89) But after the whole world had been completed according to the perfect nature of the number six, the Father hallowed the day following, the s

 XXXI. (95) And we must also pass on to the other species of the number seven, which is contained in the number ten, and which displays an admirable na

 XXXII. (97) The number seven displays also another beauty which it possesses, and one which is most sacred to think of. For as it consists of three an

 XXXIII. (99) And such great sanctity is there in the number seven, that it has a pre-eminent rank beyond all the other numbers in the first decade. Fo

 XXXIV. (101) Among the things then which are perceptible only by intellect, the number seven is proved to be the only thing free from motion and accid

 XXXV. (103) And besides what has been already said, the growth of men from infancy to old age, when measured by the number seven, displays in a most e

 XXXVI. (105) Solon therefore thus computes the life of man by the aforesaid ten periods of seven years. But Hippocrates the physician says that there

 XXXVII. (107) But this number is not only a perfecter of things, but it is also, so to say, the most harmonious of numbers and in a manner the source

 XXXVIII. (111) Let this then be premised, as of necessity it must, respecting the honourable qualities which this diagram or square has, and the name

 XXXIX. (114) Moreover, the constellation Ursa Major, which men call the guide of mariners, consists of seven stars, which the pilots keeping in view,

 XL. (117) And since all the things on the earth depend upon the heavenly bodies according to a certain natural sympathy, it is in heaven too that the

 XLI. (120) Again, the things which are judged of by the best of the senses, sight, partake of number according to their kind. For the things which are

 XLII. (126) And the power of this number does not exist only in the instances already mentioned, but it also pervades the most excellent of the scienc

 XLIII. (128) These things, and more still are said in a philosophical spirit about the number seven, on account of which it has received the highest h

 XLIV. (129) So Moses, summing up his account of the creation of the world, says in a brief style, This is the book of the creation of the heaven and

 XLV. (131) Then, preserving the natural order of things, and having a regard to the connection between what comes afterwards and what has gone before,

 XLVI. (134) After this, Moses says that God made man, having taken clay from the earth, and he breathed into his face the breath of life. And by thi

 XLVII. (136) But the original man, he who was created out of the clay, the primeval founder of all our race, appears to me to have been most excellent

 XLVIII. (139) And that he is superior to all these animals in regard of his soul, is plain. For God does not seem to have availed himself of any other

 XLIX. (140) The first man, therefore, appears to me to have been such both in his body and in his soul, being very far superior to all those who live

 L. (143) But since every city in which laws are properly established, has a regular constitution, it became necessary for this citizen of the world to

 LI. (145) We have now then set forth the beauty of the first created man in both respects, in body and soul, if in a way much inferior to the reality,

 LII. (148) And with great beauty Moses has attributed the giving of names to the different animals to the first created man, for it is a work of wisdo

 LIII. (151) But since nothing in creation lasts for ever, but all mortal things are liable to inevitable changes and alterations, it was unavoidable t

 LVI. (153) But while man was still living a solitary life, and before woman was created, the history relates that a paradise was planted by God in no

 LV. (155) Therefore, having laid down these to be boundaries as it were in the soul, God then, like a judge, began to consider to which side men would

 LVI. (157) And these things are not mere fabulous inventions, in which the race of poets and sophists delights, but are rather types shadowing forth s

 LVII. (161) Now, the first approaches of the male to the female have a pleasure in them which brings on other pleasures also, and it is through this p

 LVIII. But what has been already said is sufficient to show what the reasons were on account of which the serpent appears to have uttered a human voic

 LIX. (165) But its juggleries and deceits pleasure does not venture to bring directly to the man, but first offers them to the woman, and by her means

 LX. (167) And those who have previously become the slaves of pleasure immediately receive the wages of this miserable and incurable passion. For the w

 LXI. (170) Such is the life of those who originally were men of innocence and simplicity, and also of those who have come to prefer vice to virtue, fr

XXVIII. (83) And besides all this, another is also mentioned among the necessary causes. It was necessary that man should be the last of all created beings; in order that being so, and appearing suddenly, he might strike terror into the other animals. For it was fitting that they, as soon as they first saw him should admire and worship him, as their natural ruler and master; on which account, they all, as soon as they saw him, became tame before him; even those, who by nature were most savage, becoming at once most manageable at the first sight of him; displaying their unbridled ferocity to one another, and being tame to man alone. (84) For which reason the Father who made him to be a being dominant over them by nature not merely in fact, but also by express verbal appointment, established him as the king of all the animals, beneath the moon, whether terrestrial or aquatic, or such as traverse the air. For every mortal thing which lives in the three elements, land, water or air, did he put in subjection to him, excepting only the beings that are in heaven, as creatures who have a more divine portion. And what is apparent to our eyes it the most evident proof of this. For at times, innumerable herds of beasts are led about by one man, not armed, nor wearing iron, nor any defensive weapon, but clad only in a skin for a garment, and carrying a staff, for the purpose of making signs, and to lean upon also in his journeys if he become weary. (85) And so the shepherd, and the goatherd, and the cowherd, lead numerous flocks of sheep, and goats, and herds of oxen; men neither vigorous, nor active in their bodies, so as to strike those who behold them with admiration because of their fine appearance; and all the might and power of such numerous and well-armed beasts (for they have means of self-defence given them by nature), yet dread them as slaves do their master, and do all that is commanded them. Bulls are yoked to the plough to till the ground, and cutting deep furrows all day, sometimes even for a long space of time together, while some farmer is managing them. And rams being weighed down with heavy fleeces of wool, in the spring season, at the command of the shepherd, stand quietly, and lying down, without resistance, permit their wool to be shorn off, being accustomed naturally, like cities, to yield a yearly tribute to their sovereign. (86) And moreover, that most spirited of animals, the horse, is easily guided after he has been bridled; in order that he may not become frisky, and shake off the rein; and he hollows his back in an admirable manner to receive his rider and to afford him a good seat, and then bearing him aloft, he gallops at a rapid pace, being eager to arrive at and carry him to the place to which he is urging him. And the rider without any toil, but in the most perfect quiet, makes a rapid journey, by using the body and feet of another animal.