John of Damascus, Dialectic Fuller Recension

Species are said to be those brought down from the same division, for example, the rational and the irrational from the animal. And this manner is opposed to the first and to the second and almost to the other three. 62 Concerning motion. Motion is the actuality of what is in potentiality, insofar as it is such, for example, the bronze is potentially a statue; for the bronze is able to receive the form of the statue. The actuality, therefore, of the bronze that is potentially a statue is to be melted, to be molded, to be scraped, which are motions. In as many categories, therefore, as potentiality is observed, in these will motion be observed; but in as many as potentiality is not observed, neither will motion be observed. It is observed, therefore, in the category of substance, in that of quantity, in that of quality, in that of where. In substance, generation and corruption; in quantity, increase and decrease; in quality, alteration; in where, that which is borne in a circle, which is called revolution, and that which is moved in a straight line, which is called motion in a straight line. And of motion in a straight line, there are six differences: up, down, in, out, right, left. Therefore with revolution there are seven local motions; for everything that changes changes either in respect to itself or in respect to something in it or in respect to something about it; and if in respect to itself, it makes generation and corruption; but if in respect to something in it, either in respect to quantity, it also makes increase and decrease, or in respect to quality, it also makes alteration; but if in respect to that which is about it, it makes change in respect to place; for place is neither the thing being moved itself nor anything in it, but it accompanies the things being moved and is about the things being moved. And generation and corruption differ; for generation is the progression from not being to being; for that which was not before, this comes to be. And corruption, the reverse, is the change from being to not being. - and increase and decrease; for increase is the motion toward the greater, and decrease, toward the lesser. -and in alteration, again, the contrary affections, heat to cold, to the white the black. Therefore, to generation is opposed corruption, to increase, decrease, and to alteration, the contrary and rest. For to heating, cooling is contrary, and also rest; for when that which is being heated receives its limit and comes to the extreme of heat, it rests and ceases from being heated. Thus also to change in respect to place both the contrary motion is opposed and rest, contrary, that is, as the upward motion to the downward, and also rest; for if someone should throw a clod upwards, it will not be moved downwards before, until some rest occurs. But to the celestial motion there is no contrary motion. And alteration seems to accompany the other motions; for also that which is coming to be and that which is perishing and that which is increasing and that which is decreasing and that which is moved in respect to place is entirely altered. But in the case of natural motions, even if we find alteration accompanying the other motions, nevertheless it is possible for it to be altered, but not, however, to be moved according to another motion, as in the case of a stone; for this is heated and cooled and neither increases nor comes to be; and similarly in the case of the others. So that even if alteration accompanies the other motions, nevertheless it is possible for it to be considered by itself; whence their difference is acknowledged. But Aristotle calls change motion. For in the fifth book of the Physics he demonstrated, that generation and corruption are changes, but are not motions, because motion occurs while the thing is preserved. But if we said that to alteration and to change in respect to place there are two contraries, both motion and rest, it must be known that it is not impossible for two things to be contrary to one in different respects; for rest as a cessation and privation, but the opposite properly as cooling to heating. 63 Concerning 'to have'. 'To have' is said in eight ways; -either as a state or a disposition or another quality; for we are said to have knowledge and virtue. -or as a quantity; for the wood is said to have a size of three cubits. -or as a substance about a substance, which is a most general genus. And this—-either about the whole body as a tunic—or about some part as a ring on a finger—or as a part in a whole; for we are said to have a hand; —or as in

εἴδη λέγεται τὰ ἐκ τῆς αὐτῆς διαιρέσεως κατενεχθέντα οἷον τὸ λογικὸν καὶ τὸ ἄλογον ἐκ τοῦ ζῴου. Οὗτος δὲ ὁ τρόπος ἀντίκειται τῷ πρώτῳ καὶ τῷ δευτέρῳ καὶ σχεδὸν τοῖς ἄλλοις τρισί. 62 Περὶ κινήσεως. Κίνησίς ἐστιν ἐντελέχεια τοῦ δυνάμει, καθὸ τοιοῦτόν ἐστιν, οἷον ὁ χαλκὸς δυνάμει ἐστὶν ἀνδριάς· δύναται γὰρ ὁ χαλκὸς ἀπολαβεῖν τὸ εἶδος τοῦ ἀνδριάντος. Ἐντελέχεια οὖν ἐστι τοῦ χαλκοῦ τοῦ δυνάμει ὄντος ἀνδριάντος τὸ διαλύεσθαι, τὸ διαπλάττεσθαι, τὸ διαξέεσθαι, ἅπερ εἰσὶ κινήσεις. Ἐν ὅσαις οὖν κατηγορίαις θεωρεῖται τὸ δυνάμει, ἐν ταύταις θεωρηθήσεται ἡ κίνησις· ἐν ὅσαις δὲ οὐ θεωρεῖται τὸ δυνάμει, οὐδὲ ἡ κίνησις θεωρηθήσεται. Θεωρεῖται οὖν ἐν τῇ οὐσίᾳ, ἐν τῷ ποσῷ, ἐν τῷ ποιῷ, ἐν τῇ ποῦ κατηγορίᾳ. Ἐν μὲν τῇ οὐσίᾳ γένεσις καὶ φθορά, ἐν δὲ τῷ ποσῷ αὔξησις καὶ μείωσις, ἐν δὲ τῷ ποιῷ ἀλλοίωσις, ἐν δὲ τῇ ποῦ τὸ κύκλῳ φερόμενον, ὅπερ καλεῖται περιφορά, καὶ τὸ ἐπ' εὐθείας κινούμενον, ὅπερ λέγεται ἐπ' εὐθείας κίνησις. Τῆς δὲ ἐπ' εὐθείας κινήσεως διαφοραί εἰσιν ἕξ· τὸ ἄνω, τὸ κάτω, τὸ ἔσω, τὸ ἔξω, τὸ δεξιά, τὸ ἀριστερά. ∆ιὸ μετὰ τῆς περιφορᾶς ἑπτὰ τοπικαὶ κινήσεις εἰσί· πᾶν γὰρ μεταβαλλόμενον ἢ καθ' αὑτὸ μεταβάλλεται ἢ κατά τι τῶν ἐν αὐτῷ ἢ κατά τι τῶν περὶ αὐτό· καὶ εἰ μὲν καθ' αὑτό, ποιεῖ γένεσιν καὶ φθοράν· εἰ δὲ κατά τι τῶν ἐν αὐτῷ ἢ κατὰ τὸ ποσόν, καὶ ποιεῖ αὔξησιν καὶ μείωσιν, ἢ κατὰ τὸ ποιόν, καὶ ποιεῖ ἀλλοίωσιν· εἰ δὲ κατὰ τὸ περὶ αὐτό, ποιεῖ τὴν κατὰ τόπον μεταβολήν· ὁ γὰρ τόπος οὔτε αὐτό ἐστι κινούμενον οὔτε τι τῶν ἐν αὐτῷ, ἀλλὰ τοῖς κινουμένοις παρέπεται καὶ περὶ τὰ κινούμενά ἐστι. ∆ιαφέρει δὲ γένεσις καὶ φθορά· γένεσις μὲν γάρ ἐστιν ἡ ἀπὸ τοῦ μὴ ὄντος εἰς τὸ εἶναι πρόοδος· ὅπερ γὰρ οὐκ ἦν πρότερον, τοῦτο γίνεται. Ἡ δὲ φθορὰ τὸ ἀνάπαλιν ἀπὸ τοῦ ὄντος ἐπὶ τὸ μὴ εἶναι μεταβολή. - αὔξησις δὲ καὶ μείωσις· αὔξησις μὲν γάρ ἐστιν ἡ ἐπὶ τὸ μεῖζον κίνησις· μείωσις δὲ ἡ ἐπὶ τὸ ἔλαττον. -ἐν δὲ τῇ ἀλλοιώσει πάλιν τὰ ἀντικείμενα πάθη, θερμότης ψύξει, τῷ λευκῷ τὸ μέλαν. Ἀντίκειται τοίνυν τῇ μὲν γενέσει φθορά, τῇ δὲ αὐξήσει μείωσις, τῇ δὲ ἀλλοιώσει τὸ ἀντικείμενον καὶ ἡ ἠρεμία. Ἀντικείμενον μὲν θερμάνσει ψύξις ἠρεμία τε· ὅταν γὰρ λάβῃ πέρας τὸ θερμαινόμενον καὶ ἔλθῃ ἐπὶ τὴν ἄκραν θερμότητα, ἠρεμεῖ καὶ παύεται τοῦ θερμαίνεσθαι. Οὕτω καὶ τῇ κατὰ τόπον μεταβολῇ καὶ ἡ ἐναντία κίνησις ἀντίκειται καὶ ἡ ἠρεμία, ἐναντία μέν, ὡς ἡ ἄνω κίνησις τῇ κάτω ἠρεμίᾳ τε· ἐὰν γὰρ βῶλον ῥίψῃ τις ἐπὶ τὰ ἄνω, οὐ πρότερον ἐπὶ τὰ κάτω κινηθήσεται, πρὶν ἠρεμία τις γένηται. Τῇ δὲ οὐρανίᾳ κινήσει οὐκ ἔστιν ἐναντία κίνησις. ∆οκεῖ δὲ ἡ ἀλλοίωσις παρέπεσθαι ταῖς λοιπαῖς κινήσεσι· καὶ γὰρ καὶ τὸ γινόμενον καὶ τὸ φθειρόμενον καὶ τὸ αὐξάνον καὶ τὸ μειούμενον καὶ τὸ κινούμενον κατὰ τόπον πάντως ἀλλοιοῦται. Ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν φυσικῶν κινήσεων, εἰ καὶ εὑρίσκομεν παρεπομένην τὴν ἀλλοίωσιν ταῖς λοιπαῖς κινήσεσιν, ὅμως ἐνδέχεται ἀλλοιοῦσθαι μέν, μὴ μέντοι δὲ κινεῖσθαι καθ' ἑτέραν κίνησιν, ὡς ἐπὶ λίθου· οὗτος γὰρ θερμαίνεται καὶ ψύχεται καὶ οὔτε αὔξει οὔτε γίνεται· καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν λοιπῶν ὁμοίως. Ὥστε εἰ καὶ παρέπεται ἀλλοίωσις ταῖς λοιπαῖς κινήσεσιν, ὅμως ἐνδέχεται καθ' αὑτὴν θεωρεῖσθαι· ὅθεν ὁμολογεῖται αὐτῶν τὸ διάφορον. Κίνησιν δὲ λέγει Ἀριστοτέλης τὴν μεταβολήν. Ἐν γὰρ τῷ πέμπτῳ λόγῳ τῆς Φυσικῆς ἀκροάσεως ἀπέδειξεν, ὅτι γένεσις καὶ φθορὰ μεταβολαὶ μέν εἰσι, κινήσεις δὲ οὔκ εἰσι, διότι ἡ κίνησις σῳζομένου τοῦ πράγματος γίνεται. Εἰ δὲ καὶ τῇ ἀλλοιώσει καὶ τῇ κατὰ τόπον μεταβολῇ ἔφημεν δύο ἐναντία εἶναι, τήν τε κίνησιν καὶ τὴν ἠρεμίαν, ἰστέον, ὡς οὐκ ἀδύνατον κατ' ἄλλο καὶ ἄλλο δύο ἑνὶ εἶναι ἐναντία· ἠρεμία μὲν γὰρ ὡς λῆξις καὶ στέρησις, ἡ δὲ ἀντικειμένη κυρίως ὡς θερμάνσει ψύξις. 63 Περὶ τοῦ ἔχειν. Τὸ ἔχειν κατὰ ὀκτὼ τρόπους λέγεται· -ἢ γὰρ ὡς ἕξιν ἢ διάθεσιν ἢ ἄλλην ποιότητα· λεγόμεθα γὰρ ἔχειν ἐπιστήμην καὶ ἀρετήν. -ἢ ὡς ποσόν· λέγεται γὰρ τρίπηχυ μέγεθος ἔχειν τὸ ξύλον. -ἢ ὡς οὐσίαν περὶ οὐσίαν, ὅπερ ἐστὶ γενικώτατον γένος. Τοῦτο δέ-ἢ περὶ ὅλον τὸ σῶμα ὡς χιτών-ἢ περί τι μέρος ὡς δακτύλιος ἐν δακτύλῳ-ἢ ὡς μέρος ἐν ὅλῳ· λεγόμεθα γὰρ ἔχειν χεῖρα· -ἢ ὡς ἐν