31

Indeed, the *applicitarii* and the *clavicularii*, of whom the former denote only the lictors who arrest those oppressed on account of crimes, and the latter, those who place fetters upon them, receive the completion of their public duties, but not of military service and rank, of which they are indicative; for they assist the *commentarienses*; the Roman system named them keepers of records, as we said. For in the same way that the *nomenclatores* fulfill their duty and select the orators, calling them out by name, so do those men serve in criminal cases. The *nomenclatores*, as Aemilius says in his *Commentary on the Histories of Sallust*, are the name-callers and announcers of the *togati*, that is, of the lawyers. The Romans call *togati* those who are not serving in the army, but who wear cloaks and advocate for a fee for those who plead cases; for those who plead cases would summon them, who were occupied in the forum and with books and who stayed awake over legal difficulties, to the *pedanei*, that is, the petty judges, for advocacy around the time of the verdict; for this reason they are still even now called *advocati*, as if 'those who are called upon'. For I myself still recall having seen *turmarii* present in the bureau of the *subadiuvae*, ministering at the *completiones*, or fulfillments, of petitions, and collecting no small consolation; so great was the fruitful abundance of the transactions. In addition to these, *diaetarii* and sheath-bearers and *praecones* undertake public duties, but are listed in other corps.

144 CONCERNING THE SHORTHAND WRITERS AND THE AUGUSTALES 9 It has been said before that from the beginning the corps of the shorthand writers was one, but that it was divided into two corps and complements. For some of them, remaining on the register, pass their time and enter the complement of the *primiscrinius*, while others, transferring to the corps of the Augustales and fulfilling their military service more quickly than the shorthand writers, also arrive at the rank of *cornicularius*. But lest the facts of the division escape outsiders—for every day many, in their ignorance, search in vain, being confused by the said appellations—I shall show in my account the cause of the cutting of the one corps into two. The shorthand writers require many years, just like the tribunes, to complete their military service; for they are also numerous, like them. But if by chance time calls them to the end of their labors, they are in any case worn out by old age, which is useless for labors. It is reasonable, then, that not being sufficient for the duties of the higher ranks, for which those fortified by youth of body and experience of affairs with difficulty suffice without dangers, they require assistants. And from the beginning, indeed, each one would select three of the very best men from the shorthand writers—for it was not permitted for anyone but those adorned with experience and eloquence to fulfill the duties of the court—but now the practice of selection is gone, while the number is still preserved even now. From this it happens that six assistants are present in the bureau of the *ab actis*, and in that of the *commentariensis*, and in that of the *primiscrinius*; since, as has been shown before, the law releases two shorthand writers from the belt each year. 146 And who would not conjecture, looking at the multitude of assistants, the majesty of the court and the former infinitude of business transacted in it? But at present, since the subjects have no business, and nothing fine, as of old, flows to the office from their flocking in from all quarters, let this be said of the Augustales, perhaps on their authority, with your indulgence; for they are lovers of legal pleadings, leading them away to other judges, and are pleasing to those who conduct cases through the so-called sacred commands. 10 And since no small profits formerly accrued in peacetime to the assistants of the aforementioned bureaux, along with most excellent honor and strong power, it is reasonable

31

ἀπλικιτάριοί γε μὴν καὶ κλαβικουλάριοι, ὧν οἱ μὲν τοὺς ῥαβδούχους μόνον τοὺς συλλαμβάνοντας τοὺς ἐγκλημάτων ἕνεκα πιεζομένους, οἱ δὲ τοὺς δεσμὰ περιτιθεμένους αὐτοῖς διασημαίνουσι, λειτουργιῶν, οὐ μὴν στρατείας καὶ βαθμοῦ, πέρας λαμβάνουσιν, ὧν εἰσὶ δεικτικοί· ὑπασπίζουσι γὰρ τοῖς κομμενταρησίοις· αὐτοὺς ὑπομνηματογράφους ἡ τάξις Ῥωμαίων ὠνόμασεν, ὡς ἔφαμεν. ὃν γὰρ τρόπον οἱ νωμενκουλάτωρες φρόντισμα πληροῦσι καὶ τοὺς ῥήτορας ἀπολέγουσιν ἐξ ὀνόματος ἀναφωνοῦντες αὐτούς, οὕτως ἐκεῖνοι ταῖς ἐγκληματικαῖς ὑπηρετοῦνται δίκαις. οἱ δὲ νωμενκουλάτωρες, ὥς φησιν ὁ Αἰμίλιος ἐν τῷ Ὑπομνήματι τῶν Σαλλουστίου Ἱστοριῶν, ὀνομασταὶ καὶ ἀναφωνηταὶ τῶν τογάτων, ἀντὶ τοῦ τῶν δικολόγων, εἰσίν. τογάτους δὲ Ῥωμαῖοι τοὺς μὴ στρατευομένους καλοῦσιν, φαινόλας δὲ περικειμένους καὶ τοῖς λέγουσι τὰς δίκας μισθῷ συναγορεύοντας· ἐπὶ γὰρ τῆς ἀγορᾶς αὐτοὺς καὶ περὶ τὰ βιβλία σχολάζοντας καὶ ταῖς νομικαῖς δυσκολίαις ἀγρυπνοῦντας οἱ τὰς δίκας λέγοντες ἐπὶ τοὺς πεδανέους, ἀντὶ τοῦ χαμαιδικαστάς, περὶ τὸν καιρὸν τῆς διαγνώσεως ἐκάλουν πρὸς συνηγορίαν· ταύτῃ καὶ advocati, οἷον εἰ προσκαλούμενοι, ἔτι καὶ νῦν λέγονται. τουρμαρίους γὰρ ἔτι φθάσας ἐγὼ διαμέμνημαι παρόντας τῷ σκρινίῳ τῶν σουβαδιουβῶν καὶ ταῖς κομπλητίωσι τῶν ἐντυχιῶν, οἷον εἰ πληρώσεσιν, προσλειτουργοῦντας καὶ παραψυχὴν οὐ μικρὰν ἀναλεγομένους· τοσαύτη τις ἦν ἡ τῶν πραττομένων κάρπιμος ἀφθονία. διαιτάριοι πρὸς τούτοις καὶ θηκοφόροι καὶ πραίκωνες λειτουργίας μὲν ἀναδέχονται, ἐν δὲ ἑτέροις τάγμασιν ἀναφέρονται.

144 ΠΕΡῚ ΤΩ͂Ν ΤΑΧΥΓΡΆΦΩΝ ΚΑῚ ΑΓΟΥΣΤΑΛΊΩΝ 9 Εἴρηται πρόσθεν ἓν μὲν ἀνέκαθεν εἶναι τὸ τῶν ταχυγράφων σῶμα, εἰς δύο δὲ

τάγματα διῃρῆσθαι καὶ πληρώματα. οἱ μὲν γὰρ αὐτῶν ἐπὶ τῆς δέλτου μένοντες τὸν χρόνον διώκουσι καὶ εἰς τὸ τοῦ πριμισκρινίου παρίασιν πλήρωμα, οἱ δὲ εἰς τὸ τῶν Αὐγουσταλίων τάγμα μεθιστάμενοι καὶ θᾶττον τὴν στρατείαν πληροῦντες παρὰ τοὺς ταχυγράφους καὶ εἰς τὸ τοῦ κορνικουλαρίου καταντῶσιν ἀξίωμα. ὅπως δὲ μὴ καὶ τοὺς ἔξωθεν λάθῃ τὰ τῆς διαιρέσεως καὶ γὰρ ὅσ' ἡμέραι ἀγνοοῦντες μάτην ζητοῦσιν οἱ πολλοὶ πρὸς τὰς εἰρημένας προσηγορίας ταραττόμενοι, τὴν αἰτίαν τῆς εἰς δύο τοῦ ἑνὸς σώματος τομῆς ὑποδείξω τῷ λόγῳ. οἱ ταχυγράφοι πολλῶν ἐτῶν δέονται, καθάπερ οἱ τριβοῦνοι, πρὸς τὸ διανύσαι τὴν στρατείαν· καὶ γὰρ εἰς πλῆθός εἰσιν ὥσπερ ἐκεῖνοι. εἴ τι δὲ τυχὸν ὁ χρόνος αὐτοὺς ἐπὶ τὸ πέρας τῶν πόνων καλεῖ, γήρᾳ κάμνουσι πάντως πρὸς καμάτους ἀχρήστῳ. εἰκὸς οὖν, οὐκ ἀρκοῦντες πρὸς τὰς τῶν ἀνωτέρων βαθμῶν λειτουργίας, πρὸς ἃς μόγις οἱ νεότητι σώματος καὶ πείρᾳ πραγμάτων ὠχυρωμένοι κινδύνων ἔξω διαρκοῦσι, δέονται βοηθῶν. καὶ ἀνέκαθεν μὲν ἕκαστος τρεῖς ἄνδρας τοὺς πάντα ἀρίστους ἐκ τῶν ταχυγράφων ἐπελέγετο οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐξῆν εἰ μὴ τοὺς πείρᾳ τε καὶ λόγοις κοσμουμένους τὴν λειτουργίαν τοῦ δικαστηρίου πληροῦν, νῦν δὲ τὰ μὲν τῆς ἐπιλογῆς οἴχεται, ὁ δὲ ἀριθμὸς ἔτι καὶ νῦν σῴζεται. ἔνθεν ἓξ βοηθοὺς παρεῖναι συμβαίνει τῷ τε τοῦ ἀβ ἄκτις σκρινίῳ τῷ τε τοῦ κομμενταρησίου καὶ τῷ τοῦ πριμισκρινίου· ἐπειδήπερ, ὡς προδεδήλωται, ἀνὰ δύο ἐπ' ἔτος ἕκαστον ἐκ τῶν ταχυγράφων τῆς ζώνης ὁ νόμος ἀπαλλάττει. 146 καὶ τίς οὐκ ἂν στοχάσηται, πρὸς τὸ πλῆθος τῶν βοηθούντων ἀφορῶν, τὴν τοῦ δικαστηρίου μεγαλειότητα καὶ τὴν τῶν ἐν αὐτῷ πραττομένων τὸ πρὶν ἀπειρίαν; ἐπὶ δὲ τοῦ παρόντος, πραγμάτων μὲν οὐκ ὄντων τοῖς ὑπηκόοις, καλὸν πρὸς τὴν ἀρχὴν οὐδέν, ὡς πάλαι, αὐτῶν ἁπανταχῆ συρρεόντων, τῶν δὲ Αὐγουσταλίων ἴσως κατ' αὐθεντίαν μετὰ συγγνώμης εἰρήσθω· καὶ γὰρ λόγων εἰσὶν ἐρασταί ἐπὶ δικαστὰς ἑτέρους καὶ θυμήρεις τοῖς πράττουσι τὰς δίκας διὰ τῶν λεγομένων θείων κελεύσεων ἀπαγόντων. 10 Κερδῶν δὲ οὐ σμικρῶν τὸ πρὶν ἐπ' εἰρήνης καὶ τιμῆς ἐξοχωτάτης μετὰ δυνάμεως ἰσχυρᾶς περιγινομένων τοῖς τῶν εἰρημένων σκρινίων βοηθοῖς, εἰκὸς