31

taking his starting point from what has been established; but for the time being he constructs his starting point from past events. For when, he says, you did not hold to the Law, but to faith, then you received the Spirit, and you performed miracles. Then, since the argument was about the Law, he also moved to another, most combative topic, bringing Abraham into the midst, both very opportunely and with great abundance, saying thus: As Abraham believed God, and it was reckoned to him as righteousness. For it shows, he says, the power of faith, and the wonders done by you; but if you wish, I might persuade you also from ancient narratives. For since there was much talk of the patriarch among them, he brings him also into the midst, and shows that he too was justified in this way. But if he who was before grace was justified by faith, though boasting also in works, how much more so you. For what harm did he suffer by not being under the Law? None, but faith was sufficient for his righteousness. For there was no Law then, he says. For there is no Law now, just as there was not then. For on this account, having done away with the need for the Law, he then introduced him who was justified before the Law, so that he might not receive this objection. For just as it had not yet been given then, so also now, having been given, it has ceased. Then, since they were very proud of having been born of Abraham, and 61.651 they feared, lest by abandoning the Law, they should be alienated from kinship with him; Paul turns this again to the opposite, and resolves their fear, showing that faith above all works this near relationship to him. And this he established more clearly in the Epistle to the Romans, but he works it out no less here also, saying thus: Know then that it is those of faith who are the sons of Abraham. Then he establishes this very point from an ancient testimony. For the Scripture, he says, foreseeing that God would justify the Gentiles by faith, preached the gospel beforehand to Abraham, saying, In you shall all the nations be blessed. If, therefore, it is not those who have a natural kinship with him who are sons, but those who have imitated his faith (for this is what "In you the nations" means), it is clear that one is brought into this kinship.

3. But through these things another great point is also shown. For since it troubled them that the Law was more ancient, and faith came after the Law, he removes this suspicion of theirs, by showing that faith is older than the Law, and this is clear from Abraham; for before the Law appeared, he was justified. And he shows that the things that have now come to pass, happened according to prophecy. For the Scripture, he says, foreseeing that God justifies the Gentiles by faith, not by the Law, preached the gospel beforehand to Abraham. And what is this? He Himself who gave the Law, he says, even before He gave this Law, had decreed this, that the Gentiles should be justified by faith. And He did not say, "He revealed," but, "He preached the gospel," that you may learn that the patriarch also rejoiced in this manner of righteousness, and greatly longed for this to come to pass. But since another fear also possessed them (for it was written: "Cursed be everyone who does not abide by all things written in the Book of the Law, to do them"), he dispels this dread also, wisely and cleverly turning it again to the opposite, and showing that not only are those who have abandoned the Law not cursed, but they are even blessed; while those who hold to it are not only not blessed, but are even cursed. For they said that he who does not keep the Law is cursed; but he shows that he who keeps it is cursed, while he who does not keep it is blessed. They said again, that he who holds to faith alone is cursed; but he shows that he who holds to faith alone is blessed. How then does he show all these things? For we have not promised some trivial thing.

31

κατεσκευασμένων τὴν ἀφορμὴν λαμβάνων· τέως δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν παρελθόντων τὴν ἀφορμὴν κατασκευάζει. Ὅτε γὰρ, φησὶν, οὐ προσείχετε τῷ νόμῳ, ἀλλὰ τῇ πίστει, τότε τὸ Πνεῦμα ἐλάβετε, καὶ τὰ σημεῖα ἐπετελέσατε. Εἶτα ἐπειδὴ περὶ νόμου ὁ λόγος ἦν, καὶ ἕτερον ἐκίνει τόπον ἀγωνιστικώτατον, τὸν Ἀβραὰμ εἰς μέσον ἄγων, καὶ σφόδρα εὐκαίρως, καὶ μετὰ πολλῆς τῆς περιουσίας, οὕτω λέγων· Καθὼς Ἀβραὰμ ἐπίστευσε τῷ Θεῷ, καὶ ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην. ∆ηλοῖ μὲν γὰρ, φησὶ, τῆς πίστεως τὴν δύναμιν, καὶ τὰ ὑφ' ὑμῶν γενόμενα θαύματα· εἰ δὲ βούλεσθε, καὶ ἐκ παλαιῶν ὑμᾶς πείσαιμι διηγημάτων. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ πολὺς τοῦ πατριάρχου λόγος ἦν παρ' αὐτοῖς, ἄγει καὶ αὐτὸν εἰς μέσον, καὶ δείκνυσι καὶ αὐτὸν οὕτω δικαιωθέντα. Εἰ δὲ ὁ πρὸ τῆς χάριτος ἀπὸ πίστεως ἐδικαιώθη, καίτοι γε καὶ ἐν ἔργοις κομῶν, πολλῷ μᾶλλον ὑμεῖς. Τί γὰρ ἐκεῖνος ἐβλάβη μὴ γενόμενος ὑπὸ νόμον; Οὐδὲν, ἀλλ' ἤρκεσεν ἡ πίστις εἰς δικαιοσύνην αὐτῷ. Οὐδὲ γὰρ ἦν νόμος τότε, φησίν. Οὐδὲ γὰρ νῦν ἔστι νόμος, ὥσπερ οὐδὲ τότε. ∆ιὰ γὰρ τοῦτο ἀνελὼν τοῦ νόμου τὴν χρείαν, τότε τὸν πρὸ τοῦ νόμου δικαιωθέντα εἰσήγαγεν, ἵνα μὴ ταύτην δέξηται τὴν ἀντίθεσιν. Ὥσπερ γὰρ τότε οὐδέπω δοθεὶς ἦν, οὕτω καὶ νῦν δοθεὶς πέπαυται. Εἶτα ἐπειδὴ μέγα ἐφρόνουν ἐπὶ τῷ ἐξ Ἀβραὰμ γεγενῆσθαι, καὶ 61.651 ἐδεδοίκεισαν, μὴ τὸν νόμον ἀφέντες, ἀλλοτριωθῶσι τῆς ἐκείνου συγγενείας· καὶ τοῦτο πάλιν εἰς τὸ ἐναντίον περιτρέπει, καὶ λύει τὸν φόβον ὁ Παῦλος, δεικνὺς ὅτι τὴν πρὸς ἐκεῖνον ἀγχιστείαν μάλιστα ἡ πίστις ἐργάζεται. Καὶ τοῦτο σαφέστερον μὲν ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους κατεσκεύασεν, οὐχ ἧττον δὲ αὐτὸ καὶ ἐνταῦθα ἐργάζεται, λέγων οὕτω· Γινώσκετε ἄρα, ὅτι οἱ ἐκ πίστεως, οὗτοι υἱοί εἰσιν Ἀβραάμ. Εἶτα καὶ αὐτὸ τοῦτο ἀπὸ μαρτυρίας συνίστησι παλαιᾶς. Προϊδοῦσα γὰρ, φησὶν, ἡ Γραφὴ, ὅτι ἐκ πίστεως δικαιοῖ τὰ ἔθνη ὁ Θεὸς, προευηγγελίσατο τῷ Ἀβραὰμ, ὅτι Ἐν σοὶ εὐλογηθήσονται πάντα τὰ ἔθνη. Εἰ τοίνυν οὐχ οἱ τὴν φυσικὴν ἔχοντες πρὸς αὐτὸν συγγένειαν, οὗτοί εἰσιν υἱοὶ, ἀλλ' οἱ τὴν πίστιν ἐκείνου μιμησάμενοι (τοῦτο γάρ ἐστιν, Ἐν σοὶ τὰ ἔθνη), δῆλον ὅτι εἰς ταύτην εἰσάγεται τὴν συγγένειαν.

γʹ. ∆ιὰ δὲ τούτων καὶ ἕτερον δείκνυται μέγα. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ αὐτοὺς ἐθορύβει τὸ τὸν νόμον ἀρχαιότερον εἶναι, τὴν δὲ πίστιν μετὰ τὸν νόμον, καὶ ταύτην αὐτῶν ἀναιρεῖ τὴν ὑποψίαν, δεικνὺς ὅτι τοῦ νόμου πρεσβυτέρα ἡ πίστις, καὶ τοῦτο δῆλον ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἀβραάμ· πρὶν ἢ γὰρ φανῆναι τὸν νόμον, ἐκεῖνος ἐδικαιώθη. ∆είκνυσι δὲ ὅτι καὶ τὰ νῦν γενόμενα, κατὰ προφητείαν ἐγένετο· Προϊδοῦσα γὰρ, φησὶν, ἡ Γραφὴ, ὅτι ἐκ πίστεως δικαιοῖ τὰ ἔθνη ὁ Θεὸς, οὐκ ἐκ τοῦ νόμου, προευηγγελίσατο τῷ Ἀβραάμ. Τί δὲ τοῦτό ἐστιν; Αὐτὸς ὁ τὸν νόμον διδοὺς, φησὶ, καὶ πρὶν ἢ τὸν νόμον τοῦτον δοῦναι, τοῦτο ἦν ὁρίσας, ἐκ πίστεως δικαιωθῆναι τὰ ἔθνη. Καὶ οὐκ εἶπεν, Ἀπεκάλυψεν, ἀλλ', Εὐηγγελίσατο, ἵνα μάθῃς, ὅτι καὶ ὁ πατριάρχης τούτῳ τῷ τρόπῳ τῆς δικαιοσύνης ἔχαιρε, καὶ σφόδρα ἐπόθει τοῦτο ἐκβῆναι. Ἐπειδὴ δὲ εἶχε φόβος καὶ αὐτοὺς ἕτερος (ἐγέγραπτο γάρ· Ἐπικατάρατος πᾶς, ὃς οὐκ ἐμμένει ἐν πᾶσι τοῖς γεγραμμένοις ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ τοῦ νόμου τούτου, τοῦ ποιῆσαι αὐτὰ), καὶ τοῦτο διαλύει τὸ δέος, σοφῶς καὶ συνετῶς πάλιν εἰς τὸ ἐναντίον αὐτὸ περιτρέπων, καὶ δεικνὺς ὅτι οὐ μόνον οὐκ εἰσὶν ἐπικατάρατοι οἱ τὸν νόμον ἀφέντες, ἀλλὰ καὶ εὐλογημένοι· οἱ δὲ κατέχοντες, οὐ μόνον οὐκ εὐλογημένοι, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐπικατάρατοι. Ἐκεῖνοι μὲν γὰρ ἔλεγον, ὅτι ὁ μὴ τηρῶν τὸν νόμον ἐπικατάρατος· οὗτος δὲ δείκνυσιν, ὅτι ὁ τηρῶν ἐπικατάρατος, ὁ δὲ μὴ τηρῶν εὐλογημένος. Ἐκεῖνοι πάλιν ἔλεγον, ὅτι ὁ τῇ πίστει μόνῃ προσέχων, ἐπικατάρατος· οὗτος δὲ δείκνυσιν, ὅτι ὁ τῇ πίστει προσέχων μόνῃ, εὐλογημένος. Πῶς οὖν ταῦτα πάντα δείκνυσιν; οὐ γὰρ τὸ τυχὸν ἐπηγγειλάμεθα.