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nature supplying it. How many are the differences in barks? For some plants are smooth-barked, and others rough-barked; and some of them are single-layered, others many-layered. And what is wonderful is that you might find in plants also symptoms similar to human youth and old age. For in the young and flourishing, the bark is stretched taut; but in the aging, it becomes, as it were, wrinkled and rough. And some, when cut, sprout again; but others remain without succession, as if having undergone a kind of death in the cutting. Indeed, some have observed that pines, when cut down or even burned, change into oak groves. We have also known some plants whose natural badness is cured by the care of farmers; for example, sour pomegranates and the bitterer almonds, when the stalk near the root is bored through and they receive a wedge of rich pine inserted into the middle of the pith, then change the unpleasantness of their juice into usefulness. Let no one, therefore, living in wickedness, despair of himself, knowing that just as husbandry changes the qualities of plants, so the care of the soul according to virtue is able to overcome all kinds of infirmities. And the difference in the fruit-bearing of fruitful plants is so great, that one would not be able to cover it in speech. For not only among different kinds are there differences in the fruits, but indeed even within the same species of tree there is much difference; since a different character of fruit is distinguished by cultivators for the male, and another for the female, who indeed divide palm trees also into male and female. And you might sometimes see the one called female by them, lowering its branches, as if in heat, and desiring union with the male, and the cultivators of the plants putting on the branches, something like the seeds of the male, what are called pollens, and so, as if with a consciousness of the enjoyment, the branches are raised again, and the foliage is restored to the plant's own form. They say these same things also concerning figs. Hence some plant wild figs near cultivated ones; and others, by tying on unripe figs, cure the weakness of the fruitful and cultivated figs, checking with the unripe figs the fruit that is already dropping and being scattered. What does this riddle from nature mean for you? That we must often receive a certain vigor even from those outside the faith, for the demonstration of good works. For if you see one living a Gentile life, or one separated from the Church by some perverse heresy, who is careful of a sober life and of the rest of good order in his character, increase your own earnestness even more, so that you may become like the fruitful fig tree, which gathers its strength from the presence of the wild ones, both checking its dropping and nurturing its fruit more carefully. 5.8 Such then are the differences concerning the manner of their generation, to say the very least out of many things. But as for the fruits themselves, who could describe their variety, shapes, colors, the particular quality of their juices, the usefulness of each? How is it that some ripen naked in the sun, while others are filled out covered in husks? and for those whose fruit is soft, the covering of the leaf is thick, as in the case of the fig? But for those whose fruits are harder, the projection of the leaves is light, as in the case of the nut tree? Because the former, on account of their weakness, needed more help, whereas for the latter a thicker covering would have been harmful because of the shade from it. How is the leaf of the vine split, so that the cluster of grapes may both withstand injuries from the air, and generously receive the sun's ray through its sparseness? Nothing is without cause; nothing is from chance; all things have a certain ineffable wisdom. What account could reach it? How could the human mind go through all things with precision, so as both to perceive the properties, and to distinguish clearly the differences for each, and to set forth without omission the hidden causes? One water, drawn through the root, nourishes in one way the

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ὑποτιθείσης τῆς φύσεως. Πόσαι τῶν φλοιῶν αἱ διαφοραί; Τὰ μὲν γὰρ λειόφλοια τῶν φυτῶν, τὰ δὲ ῥηξίφλοια· καὶ τὰ μὲν μονόλοπα αὐτῶν, τὰ δὲ πολύπτυχα. Ὃ δὲ θαυμαστὸν, ὅτι καὶ τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης νεότητος καὶ τοῦ γήρως εὕροις ἂν καὶ ἐν τοῖς φυτοῖς παραπλήσια τὰ συμπτώματα. Τοῖς μὲν γὰρ νέοις καὶ εὐθαλέσιν ὁ φλοιὸς περιτέταται· τοῖς δὲ γηράσκουσιν οἷον ῥυσοῦται καὶ ἐκτραχύνεται. Καὶ τὰ μὲν κοπέντα ἐπιβλαστάνει· τὰ δὲ μένει ἀδιάδοχα, ὥσπερ τινὰ θάνατον τὴν τομὴν ὑπομείναντα. Ἤδη δέ τινες τετηρήκασιν ἐκτεμνομένας ἢ καὶ ἐπικαιομένας τὰς πίτυς εἰς δρυμῶνας μεθίστασθαι. Τινὰ δὲ καὶ τὴν ἐκ φύσεως κακίαν ἐπιμελείαις γεωργῶν θεραπευόμενα ἔγνωμεν· οἷον τὰς ὀξείας ῥοιὰς, καὶ τῶν ἀμυγδαλῶν τὰς πικροτέρας, ὅταν διατρηθεῖσαι τὸ πρὸς τῇ ῥίζῃ στέλεχος σφῆνα πεύκης λιπαρὸν τῆς ἐντεριώνης μέσης διελαθέντα δέξωνται, εἰς εὐχρηστίαν μεταβάλλουσι τότε τοῦ χυμοῦ τὴν δυσχέρειαν. Μηδεὶς οὖν ἐν κακίᾳ διάγων, ἑαυτὸν ἀπογινωσκέτω, εἰδὼς ὅτι γεωργία μὲν τὰς τῶν φυτῶν ποιότητας μεταβάλλει, ἡ δὲ κατ' ἀρετὴν τῆς ψυχῆς ἐπιμέλεια, δυνατή ἐστι παντοδαπῶν ἀρρωστημάτων ἐπι κρατῆσαι. Ἡ δὲ περὶ τὰς καρπογονίας διαφορὰ τῶν καρπίμων φυτῶν τοσαύτη, ὅσην οὐδ' ἂν ἐπελθεῖν τις δυνηθείη τῷ λόγῳ. Οὐ γὰρ μόνον ἐν τοῖς ἑτερογενέσιν αἱ διαφοραὶ τῶν καρπῶν, ἀλλ' ἤδη καὶ ἐν αὐτῷ τῷ εἴδει τοῦ δένδρου πολὺ τὸ διάφορον· ὅπουγε καὶ ἄλλος μὲν χαρακτὴρ τοῦ καρποῦ τῶν ἀρρένων, ἄλλος δὲ τῶν θηλειῶν, παρὰ τῶν φυτουργῶν διακέκριται, οἵ γε καὶ τοὺς φοίνικας εἰς ἄρρενας καὶ θηλείας διστῶσι. Καὶ ἴδοις ἄν ποτε τὴν παρ' αὐτῶν ὀνομαζομένην θήλειαν, καθιεῖσαν τοὺς κλάδους, οἷον ὀργῶσαν, καὶ τῆς συμπλοκῆς ἐφιεμένην τοῦ ἄρρενος, τοὺς δὲ θεραπευτὰς τῶν φυτῶν ἐμβάλλοντας τοῖς κλάδοις, οἷόν τινα σπέρματα τῶν ἀρρένων, τοὺς λεγομένους ψῆνας, καὶ οὕτως οἷον ἐν συναισθήσει τῆς ἀπολαύσεως γίνεσθαι καὶ ἀνορθοῦσθαι πάλιν τοὺς κλάδους, καὶ πρὸς τὸ οἰκεῖον σχῆμα τοῦ φυτοῦ τὴν κόμην ἀποκαθίστασθαι. Τὰ αὐτὰ δὲ ταῦτα καὶ περὶ τῶν συκῶν φασιν. Ὅθεν οἱ μὲν τὰς ἀγρίας συκᾶς παραφυτεύουσι ταῖς ἡμέροις· οἱ δὲ τοὺς ὀλύνθους ἐκδήσαντες, τῶν εὐκάρπων καὶ ἡμέρων συκῶν τὴν ἀτονίαν ἰῶνται, ῥέοντα ἤδη καὶ σκεδαννύμενον τὸν καρπὸν τοῖς ὀλύνθοις ἐπέχοντες. Τί σοι τὸ παρὰ τῆς φύσεως αἴνιγμα βούλεται; Ὅτι χρὴ πολλάκις ἡμᾶς καὶ παρὰ τῶν ἀλλοτρίων τῆς πίστεως, εὐτονίαν τινὰ προσλαμβάνειν, εἰς τὴν τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἔργων ἐπίδειξιν. Ἐὰν γὰρ ἴδῃς τὸν ἐν βίῳ ἐθνικῷ, ἢ ἀπό τινος αἱρέσεως ἐνδιαστρό φου τῆς Ἐκκλησίας ἀπεσχισμένον, βίου σώφρονος καὶ τῆς λοιπῆς κατὰ τὸ ἦθος εὐταξίας ἐπιμελούμενον, πλεῖον σεαυτοῦ τὸ σπουδαῖον ἐπίτεινον, ἵνα γένῃ παραπλήσιος τῇ καρποφόρῳ συκῇ, ἐκ τῆς τῶν ἀγρίων παρουσίας ἀθροιζούσῃ τὴν δύναμιν, καὶ τὴν μὲν ῥύσιν ἐπεχούσῃ, ἐπιμελέστερον δὲ τὸν καρπὸν ἐκτρεφούσῃ. 5.8 Τοιαῦται μὲν οὖν αἱ περὶ τὸν τρόπον τῆς γενέσεως αὐτῶν διαφοραὶ, ὡς ἐλάχιστα εἰπεῖν ἀπὸ πλείστων. Αὐτῶν δὲ τῶν καρπῶν τίς ἂν ἐπέλθοι τὴν ποικιλίαν, τὰ σχήματα, τὰς χρόας, τῶν χυμῶν τὴν ἰδιότητα, τὸ ἀφ' ἑκάστου χρήσιμον; Πῶς τινὰ μὲν γυμνὰ πέπτεται τῷ ἡλίῳ, τινὰ δὲ ἐν ἐλύτροις κεκαλυμμένα πληροῦται; καὶ ὧν μὲν ἁπαλὸς ὁ καρπὸς, παχὺ τοῦ φύλλου τὸ σκεπαστήριον, ὡς ἐπὶ τῆς συκῆς; ὧν δὲ οἱ καρποὶ στεγανώτεροι, ἐλαφρὰ τῶν φύλλων ἡ προβολὴ, ὡς ἐπὶ τῆς καρύας; Ὅτι ἐκεῖνα μὲν, διὰ τὸ ἀσθενὲς, πλείονος ἐδεῖτο τῆς βοηθείας, τούτοις δ' ἂν προσβλαβὴς ἐγένετο ἡ παχυτέρα περιβολὴ ἐκ τῆς ἀπ' αὐτῶν σκιᾶς. Πῶς κατέσχισται τῆς ἀμπέλου τὸ φῦλλον, ἵνα καὶ πρὸς τὰς ἐκ τοῦ ἀέρος βλάβας ὁ βότρυς ἀντέχῃ, καὶ τὴν ἀκτῖνα τοῦ ἡλίου διὰ τῆς ἀραιότητος δαψιλῶς ὑποδέχηται; Οὐδὲν ἀναίτιον· οὐδὲν ἀπὸ ταὐτομάτου· πάντα ἔχει τινὰ σοφίαν ἀπόρρητον. Τίς ἂν ἐφίκοιτο λόγος; Πῶς ἀνθρώπινος νοῦς πάντα μετ' ἀκριβείας ἐπέλθοι, ὥστε καὶ κατιδεῖν τὰς ἰδιότητας, καὶ τὰς πρὸς ἕκαστον διαφορὰς ἐναργῶς διακρῖναι, καὶ τὰς κεκρυμμένας αἰτίας ἀνενδεῶς παραστῆσαι; Ἓν ὕδωρ διὰ τῆς ῥίζης ἑλκόμενον, ἄλλως μὲν τρέφει τὴν