John Chrysostom, On Matthew

young woman. First, we will say this, that the Seventy would rightly have more credibility than all the others. For the latter translated after the coming of Christ, while remaining Jews. and they might rightly be suspected, as having spoken more out of hatred, and intentionally obscuring the prophecies; but the Seventy, having undertaken this task a hundred or even more years before the coming of Christ, and being so many, are free from all such suspicion, and because of the time, and because of their number, and because of their agreement, they would be more rightly believed. 3. But even if they should bring forward their testimony, even so the victory is ours. For the name of youth in reference to virginity; Scripture is accustomed to use it, not only of women, but also of men; For "Young men," it says, "and virgins, old men with younger ones." And again, when speaking about a maiden being plotted against, it says, "If the young woman cries out," that is, the virgin. And what was said before this also establishes this argument. For he did not simply say, "Behold, the virgin shall be with child," but having first said, "Behold, the Lord himself shall give you a sign," he then added: "Behold, the virgin shall be with child." And yet if she who was to conceive were not a virgin, but this happened by the law of marriage, what kind of a sign would the event be? For a sign must transcend the common course of things, and be strange and extraordinary; otherwise, how could it be a sign? Then Joseph, being aroused from sleep, did as the angel of the Lord had commanded him. Do you see his obedience, and submissive mind? Do you see a soul awakened, and in all things incorruptible? For neither when he suspected something unpleasant and strange did he endure to keep the Virgin, nor when he was freed from this suspicion did he endure to cast her out; but he both keeps her, and ministers to the whole economy. And took to him Mary his wife. Do you see how the evangelist continuously uses this name, not wishing that mystery to be revealed for the time being, and refuting that evil suspicion? And having taken her, he knew her not, until she had brought forth her firstborn son. He said "until" here, not so that you might suspect that he knew her after this, but so that you might learn that before the birth pangs the Virgin was altogether untouched. For what reason then, he says, has he put "until"? Because it is a custom of Scripture to do this often, and to use this expression not for limited times. For in the case of the ark, it says: "The raven did not return until the earth was dry;" and yet it did not return after this either. And speaking of God it says, "From everlasting and to everlasting you are;" not setting limits here. and again evangelizing and saying: "In his days shall righteousness flourish and abundance of peace, until the moon be taken away;" it does not give an end to this good element. So also here he said "until," securing the things before the birth pangs, but leaving the things after this for you to reason. For what it was necessary for you to learn from him, this he himself has said, that the Virgin was untouched until the birth. But what appeared to be a consequence of what was said and was acknowledged, this he leaves for you to understand for yourself. such as, that even after this, being a just man, he would not have endured to know her who had become a mother in such a way, and had been deemed worthy of new birth pangs and a strange delivery. For if he had known her, and had her in the position of a wife, how is it that he entrusts her to the disciple as one unprotected and having no one, and commands him to take her to his own home? How then, he says, are those around James called his brothers? In the same way that he himself was thought to be the husband of Mary. For there were many veils, so that such a birth might be obscured for a time. Wherefore also John so called them, saying, "For neither did his brothers believe in him." But nevertheless, those who did not believe before, became wonderful and renowned afterwards. At any rate, when those around Paul went up to Jerusalem on account of doctrines, they went in straightway to him. For so wonderful was he, as even to the

νεᾶνιν· πρῶτον μὲν ἐκεῖνο ἐροῦμεν, ὅτι τῶν ἄλλων μᾶλλον ἁπάντων τὸ ἀξιόπιστον οἱ Ἑβδομήκοντα ἔχοιεν ἂν δικαίως. Οἱ μὲν γὰρ μετὰ τὴν τοῦ Χριστοῦ παρουσίαν ἡρμήνευσαν, Ἰουδαῖοι μείναντες. καὶ δικαίως ἂν ὑποπτεύοιντο, ἅτε ἀπεχθείᾳ μᾶλλον εἰρηκότες, καὶ τὰς προφητείας συσκιάζοντες ἐπίτηδες· οἱ δὲ Ἑβδομήκοντα πρὸ ἑκατὸν ἢ καὶ πλειόνων ἐτῶν τῆς τοῦ Χριστοῦ παρουσίας ἐπὶ τοῦτο ἐλθόντες καὶ τοσοῦτοι ὄντες, πάσης τοιαύτης εἰσὶν ὑποψίας ἀπηλλαγμένοι, καὶ διὰ τὸν χρόνον, καὶ διὰ τὸ πλῆθος, καὶ διὰ τὴν συμφωνίαν μᾶλλον ἂν εἶεν πιστεύεσθαι δίκαιοι. γʹ. Εἰ δὲ καὶ τὴν ἐκείνων παράγοιεν μαρτυρίαν, καὶ οὕτω τὰ νικητήρια παρ' ἡμῖν. Καὶ γὰρ τὸ τῆς νεανιότητος ὄνομα ἐπὶ τῆς παρθενίας· εἴωθεν ἡ Γραφὴ τιθέναι, οὐκ ἐπὶ γυναικῶν μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐπὶ ἀνδρῶν· Νεανίσκοι γὰρ, φησὶ, καὶ παρθένοι, πρεσβύτεροι μετὰ νεωτέρων. Καὶ περὶ κόρης δὲ ἐπιβουλευομένης διαλεγομένη πάλιν, Ἐὰν φωνήσῃ ἡ νεᾶνις, φησὶ, τουτέστιν ἡ παρθένος. Καὶ τὰ πρὸ τούτου δὲ εἰρημένα τοῦτον τὸν λόγον συνίστησιν. Οὐδὲ γὰρ ἁπλῶς εἶπεν, Ἰδοὺ ἡ παρθένος ἐν γαστρὶ ἕξει· ἀλλὰ πρότερον εἰπὼν, Ἰδοὺ δώσει Κύριος αὐτὸς ὑμῖν σημεῖον, τότε ἐπήγαγεν· Ἰδοὺ ἡ παρθένος ἐν γαστρὶ ἕξει. Καίτοι εἰ μὴ παρθένος ἦν ἡ μέλλουσα κύειν, ἀλλὰ νόμῳ γάμου τοῦτο ἐγίνετο, ποῖον ἂν εἴη σημεῖον τὸ γινόμενον; Τὸ γὰρ σημεῖον ὑπερβαίνειν δεῖ τὴν τῶν πολλῶν ἀκολουθίαν, καὶ ξένον εἶναι καὶ παρηλλαγμένον· ἐπεὶ πῶς ἂν εἴη σημεῖον; ∆ιεγερθεὶς δὲ ὁ Ἰωσὴφ ἀπὸ τοῦ ὕπνου, ἐποίησεν ὡς προσέταξεν αὐτῷ ὁ ἄγγελος Κυρίου. Εἶδες ὑπακοὴν, καὶ καταπειθῆ διάνοιαν; εἶδες ψυχὴν διεγηγερ 57.58 μένην, καὶ ἐν ἅπασιν ἀδέκαστον; Οὔτε γὰρ ἡνίκα ὑπώπτευσεν ἀηδές τι καὶ ἄτοπον, κατασχεῖν ἠνέσχετο τὴν Παρθένον, οὔτε ἐπειδὴ ταύτης ἀπηλλάγη τῆς ὑποψίας, ἐκβαλεῖν ὑπέμεινεν· ἀλλὰ καὶ κατέχει, καὶ διακονεῖται τῇ οἰκονομίᾳ πάσῃ. Καὶ παρέλαβε Μαρίαν τὴν γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ. Εἶδες πῶς συνεχῶς τοῦτο τίθησι τὸ ὄνομα ὁ εὐαγγελιστὴς, οὐ βουλόμενος ἐκκαλυφθῆναι τὸ μυστήριον ἐκεῖνο τέως, καὶ τὴν πονηρὰν ἐκείνην ἀναιρῶν ὑποψίαν; Παραλαβὼν δὲ αὐτὴν, οὐκ ἐγίνωσκεν αὐτὴν, ἕως οὗ ἔτεκε τὸν υἱὸν αὐτῆς τὸν πρωτότοκον. Τὸ, Ἕως, ἐνταῦθα εἴρηκεν, οὐχ ἵνα ὑποπτεύσῃς ὅτι μετὰ ταῦτα αὐτὴν ἔγνω, ἀλλ' ἵνα μάθῃς ὅτι πρὸ τῶν ὠδίνων πάντως ἀνέπαφος ἦν ἡ Παρθένος. Τίνος οὖν ἕνεκεν, φησὶ, τὸ, Ἕως, τέθεικεν; Ὅτι ἔθος τῇ Γραφῇ τοῦτο πολλάκις ποιεῖν, καὶ τὴν ῥῆσιν ταύτην μὴ ἐπὶ διωρισμένων τιθέναι χρόνων. Καὶ γὰρ καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς κιβωτοῦ φησιν· Οὐχ ὑπέστρεψεν ὁ κόραξ ἕως οὗ ἐξηράνθη ἡ γῆ· καίτοιγε οὐδὲ μετὰ ταῦτα ὑπέστρεψε. Καὶ περὶ τοῦ Θεοῦ δὲ διαλεγομένη φησίν· Ἀπὸ τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ ἕως τοῦ αἰῶνος σὺ εἶ· οὐχ ὅρους τιθεῖσα ἐνταῦθα· καὶ πάλιν εὐαγγελιζομένη καὶ λέγουσα· Ἀνατελεῖ ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις αὐτοῦ δικαιοσύνη καὶ πλῆθος εἰρήνης, ἕως οὗ ἀνταναιρεθῇ ἡ σελήνη· οὐ πέρας δίδωσι τῷ καλῷ τούτῳ στοιχείῳ. Οὕτω δὴ καὶ ἐνταῦθα τὸ, Ἕως, εἶπε, τὰ πρὸ τῶν ὠδίνων ἀσφαλιζομένη, τὰ δὲ μετὰ ταῦτα σοὶ καταλιμπάνουσα συλλογίζεσθαι. Ὃ μὲν γὰρ ἀναγκαῖον ἦν παρ' αὐτοῦ σε μαθεῖν, τοῦτο αὐτὸς εἴρηκεν, ὅτι ἀνέπαφος ἦν ἡ Παρθένος ἕως τοῦ τόκου· ὃ δὲ ἐκ τῶν εἰρημένων ἀκόλουθόν τε ἐφαίνετο καὶ ὡμολογημένον, τοῦτο σοὶ λοιπὸν ἀφίησι συνιδεῖν· οἷον, ὅτι οὐδὲ μετὰ ταῦτα τὴν οὕτω γενομένην μητέρα, καὶ καινῶν ὠδίνων καὶ ξένων καταξιωθεῖσαν λοχευμάτων, οὐκ ἂν δίκαιος ὢν ἐκεῖνος ὑπέμεινε γνῶναι λοιπόν. Εἰ γὰρ ἔγνω αὐτὴν, καὶ ἐν τάξει γυναικὸς εἶχε, πῶς ὡς ἀπροστάτευτον αὐτὴν καὶ οὐδένα ἔχουσαν τῷ μαθητῇ παρατίθεται, καὶ κελεύει αὐτῷ εἰς τὰ ἴδια αὐτὴν λαβεῖν; Πῶς οὖν, φησὶν, ἀδελφοὶ αὐτοῦ χρηματίζουσιν οἱ περὶ Ἰάκωβον; Ὥσπερ καὶ αὐτὸς ἐνομίζετο ἀνὴρ τῆς Μαρίας. Πολλὰ γὰρ ἐγένετο τὰ παραπετάσματα, ὥστε συσκιασθῆναι τέως τὸν τοιοῦτον τόκον. ∆ιὸ καὶ Ἰωάννης οὕτως αὐτοὺς ἐκάλει λέγων· Οὐδὲ γὰρ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτοῦ ἐπίστευον εἰς αὐτόν. Ἀλλ' ὅμως οἱ μὴ πιστεύοντες πρότερον, θαυμαστοὶ καὶ περιφανεῖς γεγόνασιν ὕστερον. Ὅτε γοῦν εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα ἀνῆλθον οἱ περὶ Παῦλον δογμάτων ἕνεκεν, πρὸς αὐτὸν εὐθέως εἰσῆλθον. Οὕτω γὰρ ἦν θαυμαστὸς, ὡς καὶ τὴν