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it is resolved into the same things; for everything composite is resolved into the same things from which it was composed. It is necessary to know that man both has communion with inanimate things and partakes of the life of irrational beings, and has shared in the intelligence of rational beings. For he has communion with inanimate things according to the body and the mixture from the four elements, and with plants according to these things and the nutritive and augmentative and spermatic, that is, generative power, and with irrational beings in these things, but additionally according to appetite, that is, anger and desire, and according to sensation and according to movement by impulse. Now, there are five senses: sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch. And of movement by impulse are the transitional from place to place, and the movement of the whole body, and the vocal, and the respiratory; for it is in our power to do these things and not to do them. But through the rational part he is joined to the incorporeal and intellectual natures, by reasoning and understanding and judging each thing and pursuing the virtues and embracing the crown of virtues, piety; wherefore man is also a microcosm. But it is necessary to know that properties of the body alone are incision and flux and change. Change is according to quality, that is, heating and cooling and such things. And flux is according to emptying; for dry and wet and spirits are emptied, of which he needs replenishment; so that both hunger and thirst are natural passions. But properties of the soul are piety and intelligence. But common to soul and body are the virtues, these also having their reference to the soul, as of a soul making use of a body. It is necessary to know that the rational by nature rules over the irrational; for the powers of the soul are divided into the rational and the irrational. And of the irrational there are two parts: the one is disobedient to reason, that is, it is not persuaded by reason, and the other is obedient and submissive to reason. Now, that which is disobedient and not persuaded by reason is the vital, which is also called pulsative, and the spermatic, that is, generative, and the vegetative, which is also called nutritive; and of this also is the augmentative, which also forms bodies. For these are not governed by reason, but by nature. But that which is obedient and submissive to reason is divided into desire and anger. And the irrational part of the soul is commonly called the passible and the appetitive. It is necessary to know that movement by impulse also belongs to that which is submissive to reason. It is necessary to know that of things, some are good, and others are bad. Therefore, an expected good constitutes desire, but a present one pleasure; and similarly an expected evil constitutes fear, but a present one pain. But it is necessary to know that in saying good here, we mean either that which is truly good or that which seems good, and similarly also evil. 27 Concerning pleasures Of pleasures, some are of the soul, and some are of the body. And those of the soul are as many as are of the soul alone by itself, as those concerning studies and contemplation. But bodily pleasures are those that come about with the communion of the soul and the body, and for this reason are called bodily, as those concerning foods and sexual intercourse and such things. But one would not find pleasures of the body alone. Again, of pleasures, some are true, and some are false, and some are of the mind alone according to knowledge and contemplation, but others are with the body according to sensation. And of the pleasures with the body, some are both natural and necessary, without which it is impossible to live, as the foods that replenish want and necessary clothing, but others are natural but not necessary, as unions according to nature and law (for these contribute to the continuation of the whole race, but it is also possible to live in virginity without them), but others are neither necessary nor natural, as drunkenness and lewdness and surfeits that exceed need; for they contribute neither to the sustenance of our life nor to the succession of the race, but are even harmful. Therefore, one who lives according to God must pursue those that are both necessary and natural, and in the second rank to place those that are natural but not necessary, being done with the proper time and manner and measure, but one must entirely refuse the others. But one must consider as good pleasures those not intertwined with pain nor

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εἰς τὰ αὐτὰ ἀναλύεται· πᾶν γὰρ συντιθέμενον εἰς τὰ αὐτὰ ἀναλύεται, ἐξ ὧν συνετέθη. Χρὴ γινώσκειν, ὅτι ὁ ἄνθρωπος καὶ τοῖς ἀψύχοις κοινωνεῖ καὶ τῆς τῶν ἀλόγων μετέχει ζωῆς καὶ τῆς τῶν λογικῶν μετείληφε νοήσεως. Κοινωνεῖ γὰρ τοῖς μὲν ἀψύχοις κατὰ τὸ σῶμα καὶ τὴν ἀπὸ τῶν τεσσάρων στοιχείων κρᾶσιν, τοῖς δὲ φυτοῖς κατά τε ταῦτα καὶ τὴν θρεπτικὴν καὶ αὐξητικὴν καὶ σπερματικὴν ἤγουν γεννητικὴν δύναμιν, τοῖς δὲ ἀλόγοις καὶ ἐν τούτοις μέν, ἐξ ἐπιμέτρου δὲ κατὰ τὴν ὄρεξιν ἤγουν θυμὸν καὶ ἐπιθυμίαν καὶ κατὰ τὴν αἴσθησιν καὶ κατὰ τὴν καθ' ὁρμὴν κίνησιν. Αἰσθήσεις μὲν οὖν εἰσι πέντε· ὅρασις, ἀκοή, ὄσφρησις, γεῦσις, ἁφή. Τῆς δὲ καθ' ὁρμὴν κινήσεώς ἐστι τὸ ἀπὸ τόπου εἰς τόπον μεταβατικὸν καὶ τὸ κινητικὸν ὅλου τοῦ σώματος καὶ τὸ φωνητικὸν καὶ ἀναπνευστικόν· ταῦτα γὰρ ἐν ἡμῖν ἐστι ποιεῖν καὶ μὴ ποιεῖν. Συνάπτεται δὲ διὰ τοῦ λογικοῦ ταῖς ἀσωμάτοις καὶ νοεραῖς φύσεσι λογιζόμενος καὶ νοῶν καὶ κρίνων ἕκαστα καὶ τὰς ἀρετὰς μεταδιώκων καὶ τῶν ἀρετῶν τὸν κολοφῶνα, τὴν εὐσέβειαν, ἀσπαζόμενος· διὸ καὶ μικρὸς κόσμος ὁ ἄνθρωπός ἐστιν. Χρὴ δὲ εἰδέναι, ὡς ἴδια μὲν τοῦ σώματος μόνου τομὴ καὶ ῥεῦσις καὶ μεταβολή. Μεταβολὴ μὲν ἡ κατὰ ποιότητα ἤγουν θερμασίαν καὶ ψύξιν καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα. Ῥεῦσις δὲ ἡ κατὰ κένωσιν· κενοῦται γὰρ ξηρὰ καὶ ὑγρὰ καὶ πνεύματα, ὧν χρῄζει τῆς ἀναπληρώσεως· ὥστε φυσικά εἰσι πάθη ἥ τε πεῖνα καὶ ἡ δίψα. Ἴδια δὲ τῆς ψυχῆς ἡ εὐσέβεια καὶ ἡ νόησις. Κοινὰ δὲ ψυχῆς καὶ σώματος αἱ ἀρεταί, ἐχουσῶν καὶ τούτων ἐπὶ τὴν ψυχὴν τὴν ἀναφοράν, οἷον ψυχῆς προσχρωμένης σώματι. Χρὴ γινώσκειν, ὅτι τὸ λογικὸν φύσει κατάρχει τοῦ ἀλόγου· διαιροῦνται γὰρ αἱ δυνάμεις τῆς ψυχῆς εἰς λογικὸν καὶ ἄλογον. Τοῦ δὲ ἀλόγου μέρη εἰσὶ δύο· τὸ μὲν ἀνήκοόν ἐστι λόγου ἤγουν οὐ πείθεται λόγῳ, τὸ δὲ κατήκοόν ἐστι καὶ ἐπιπειθὲς λόγῳ. Ἀνήκοον μὲν οὖν καὶ μὴ πειθόμενον λόγῳ ἐστὶ τὸ ζωτικόν, ὃ καὶ σφυγμικὸν καλεῖται, καὶ τὸ σπερματικὸν ἤγουν γεννητικὸν καὶ τὸ φυτικόν, ὃ καὶ θρεπτικὸν καλεῖται· τούτου δέ ἐστι καὶ τὸ αὐξητικόν, τὸ καὶ διαπλάσσον τὰ σώματα. Ταῦτα γὰρ οὐ λόγῳ κυβερνῶνται, ἀλλὰ τῇ φύσει. Τὸ δὲ κατήκοον καὶ ἐπιπειθὲς λόγῳ διαιρεῖται εἰς ἐπιθυμίαν καὶ θυμόν. Καλεῖται δὲ κοινῶς τὸ ἄλογον μέρος τῆς ψυχῆς παθητικὸν καὶ ὀρεκτικόν. Χρὴ δὲ γινώσκειν, ὅτι τοῦ ἐπιπειθοῦς λόγῳ ἐστὶ καὶ ἡ καθ' ὁρμὴν κίνησις. ∆εῖ γινώσκειν, ὅτι τῶν πραγμάτων τὰ μέν ἐστιν ἀγαθά, τὰ δὲ φαῦλα. Προσδοκώμενον μὲν οὖν ἀγαθὸν ἐπιθυμίαν συνιστᾷ, παρὸν δὲ ἡδονήν· ὁμοίως δὲ προσδοκώμενον κακὸν φόβον, παρὸν δὲ λύπην. ∆εῖ δὲ εἰδέναι, ὅτι ἀγαθὸν ἐνταῦθα εἰπόντες ἢ τὸ ὄντως ἀγαθὸν ἢ τὸ δοκοῦν ἀγαθὸν εἴπομεν, ὁμοίως καὶ κακόν. 27 Περὶ ἡδονῶν Τῶν ἡδονῶν αἱ μέν εἰσι ψυχικαί, αἱ δὲ σωματικαί. Καὶ ψυχικαὶ μέν, ὅσαι μόνης εἰσὶ τῆς ψυχῆς αὐτῆς καθ' αὑτὴν ὡς αἱ περὶ τὰ μαθήματα καὶ τὴν θεωρίαν. Σωματικαὶ δὲ αἱ μετὰ κοινωνίας τῆς ψυχῆς καὶ τοῦ σώματος γινόμεναι καὶ διὰ τοῦτο σωματικαὶ καλούμεναι ὡς αἱ περὶ τροφὰς καὶ συνουσίας καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα. Μόνου δὲ τοῦ σώματος οὐκ ἂν εὕροι τις ἡδονάς. Πάλιν τῶν ἡδονῶν αἱ μέν εἰσιν ἀληθεῖς, αἱ δὲ ψευδεῖς, καὶ αἱ μὲν τῆς διανοίας μόνης κατ' ἐπιστήμην καὶ θεωρίαν, αἱ δὲ μετὰ σώματος κατ' αἴσθησιν. Καὶ τῶν μετὰ σώματος ἡδονῶν αἱ μέν εἰσι φυσικαὶ ἅμα καὶ ἀναγκαῖαι, ὧν χωρὶς ζῆν ἀδύνατον, ὡς αἱ τροφαὶ τῆς ἐνδείας ἀναπληρωτικαὶ καὶ τὰ ἐνδύματα ἀναγκαῖα, αἱ δὲ φυσικαὶ μέν, οὐκ ἀναγκαῖαι δέ, ὡς αἱ κατὰ φύσιν καὶ κατὰ νόμον μίξεις (αὗται γὰρ εἰς μὲν τὴν διαμονὴν τοῦ παντὸς γένους συντελοῦσι, δυνατὸν δὲ καὶ χωρὶς αὐτῶν ἐν παρθενίᾳ ζῆν), αἱ δὲ οὔτε ἀναγκαῖαι οὔτε φυσικαὶ ὡς μέθη καὶ λαγνεία καὶ πλησμοναὶ τὴν χρείαν ὑπερβαίνουσαι· οὔτε γὰρ εἰς σύστασιν τῆς ζωῆς ἡμῶν συντελοῦσιν οὔτε εἰς διαδοχὴν τοῦ γένους, ἀλλὰ καὶ προσβλάπτουσιν. Τὸν τοίνυν κατὰ θεὸν ζῶντα δεῖ μετέρχεσθαι τὰς ἀναγκαίας ἅμα καὶ φυσικάς, ἐν δευ τέρᾳ δὲ τάξει τὰς φυσικὰς καὶ οὐκ ἀναγκαίας τίθεσθαι μετὰ τοῦ προσήκοντος καιροῦ καὶ τρόπου καὶ μέτρου γινομένας, τὰς δὲ ἄλλας χρὴ πάντως παραιτεῖσθαι. Καλὰς δὲ ἡδονὰς χρὴ ἡγεῖσθαι τὰς μὴ συμπεπλεγμένας λύπῃ μήτε