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the root itself, and in another way the bark of the trunk, and in another way the wood, and the pith differently. The same also becomes a leaf, and is divided into boughs and branches, and provides growth to the fruits, and the tear of the plant and sap come forth from the same cause; how great the difference is between them, no account could possibly describe. For the tear of the mastic tree is one thing, and the sap of the balsam another; and certain giant fennels in Egypt and Libya weep another kind of sap. There is also a certain account that even amber is a sap of plants congealed into the nature of stone. The specks and the tiniest of animals appearing in it bear witness to the account, which, being caught while the sap was soft, are held fast. And in general, one not taught by experience will find no account representing its efficacy. Again, how from the same moisture is wine formed in the vine, but in the olive, the oil? And not this alone is wonderful, how in the one case the liquid was sweetened, but in the other became oily, but that even in the sweet fruits the variation of the quality is indescribable. For the sweet in a vine is one thing, and another in an apple tree, and a fig, and a palm. Furthermore, I want you to apply yourself skillfully to this examination, how the same water is now smooth to the sense, when having come into certain of these plants it is sweetened; now it is sharp to the taste, when having been carried through other plants it is made sour. And again changing to extreme bitterness, it roughens the sense, when it comes into wormwood or scammony. And in acorns, or in the fruit of the cornel-tree, it changes to an astringent and harsh quality; but in terebinths, and in nut trees, it is transformed to a soft and oily nature. 5.9 And what need is there to speak of things far off, when on the same fig tree it passes over to the most opposite qualities? For it is most bitter in the sap, but most sweet in the fruit itself. And on the vine, it is most astringent on the boughs, but most pleasant in the grape clusters. And the differences in colors, how many are there? You might see in a meadow the same water being reddened in this flower, and purple in another, and dark blue in this one, and in another white; and moreover providing a difference in smells greater than the variety in colors. But I see that my discourse, through the insatiability of contemplation, is falling into immoderation, which if I do not bind and by necessity lead away from creation, the day will fail me as I present to you the great wisdom from the smallest things. Let the earth bring forth fruit tree, bearing fruit upon the earth. And immediately the peaks of the mountains were covered with foliage; and paradises were skillfully wrought, and the banks of rivers were adorned with countless kinds of plants. And some were prepared to adorn the human table; others prepared food for cattle, from the leaves, from the fruits. Others provided for us the benefits from medicine: the juices, the saps, the resins, the barks, the fruit; and simply all that long experience has discovered for us, gathering what is useful from particular circumstances, these things the keen providence of the Creator, foreseeing from the beginning, brought into being. But when you see the cultivated, the wild, the water-loving, the land-dwelling, the flowering, or the flowerless, recognizing the great in the small, always add to the wonder, and increase for me the love of the Creator. Examine how he made some evergreen, and others deciduous; and of the evergreens some that shed their leaves, and others that are ever-leaved. For both the olive and the pine shed their leaves, even if they replace their leaves unnoticed, so that they never seem to be stripped bare of their foliage. But the palm is ever-leaved, with the same leaf remaining with it from the first sprouting to the end. Then also consider this, how the tamarisk is as it were amphibious, being both counted among the water-loving, and multiplying in the deserts. Wherefore also Jeremiah fittingly compares the more wicked and ambiguous of characters to such a plant. 5.10

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ῥίζαν αὐτὴν, ἄλλως δὲ τὸν φλοιὸν τοῦ στελέχους, καὶ ἄλλως τὸ ξύλον, καὶ τὴν ἐντεριώνην ἑτέρως. Τὸ αὐτὸ καὶ φῦλλον γίνεται, καὶ εἰς ἀκρέμονας καὶ κλάδους κατασχίζεται, καὶ τοῖς καρποῖς παρέχει τὴν αὔξησιν, καὶ δάκρυον τοῦ φυτοῦ καὶ ὀπὸς ἐκ τῆς αὐτῆς αἰτίας προέρχεται· οἷς πόση πρὸς ἄλληλά ἐστιν ἡ διαφορὰ, οὐδεὶς ἂν λόγος ἐξίκοιτο. Ἄλλο γὰρ τοῦ σχίνου τὸ δάκρυον, καὶ ἄλλος ὁ ὀπὸς τοῦ βαλσάμου· καὶ νάρθηκές τινες ἐπὶ τῆς Αἰγύπτου καὶ Λιβύης ἕτερον ὀπῶν γένος ἀποδακρύουσι. Λόγος δέ τίς ἐστι, καὶ τὸ ἤλεκτρον ὀπὸν εἶναι φυτῶν εἰς λίθου φύσιν ἀποπηγ νύμενον. Μαρτυρεῖ δὲ τῷ λόγῳ τὰ ἐμφαινόμενα κάρφη καὶ τὰ λεπτότατα τῶν ζῴων, ἅπερ, ἁπαλοῦ ὄντος τοῦ ὀποῦ, ἐναποληφθέντα κατέχεται. Καὶ ὅλως τὴν κατὰ τὰς ποιότητας τῶν ὀπῶν διαφορὰν ὁ μὴ τῇ πείρᾳ διδαχθεὶς, οὐδένα λόγον εὑρήσει τὴν ἐνέργειαν παριστῶντα. Πῶς πάλιν ἀπὸ τῆς αὐτῆς νοτίδος ἐν μὲν τῇ ἀμπέλῳ οἶνος συνίσταται, ἐν δὲ τῇ ἐλαίᾳ τὸ ἔλαιον; Καὶ οὐ τοῦτο μόνον θαυμαστὸν, πῶς ὧδε μὲν τὸ ὑγρὸν ἀπεγλυκάνθη, ἐκεῖ δὲ λιπαρὸν γέγονεν, ἀλλ' ὅτι καὶ ἐν τοῖς γλυκέσι καρποῖς ἀμύθητος ἡ παραλλαγὴ τῆς ποιότητος. Ἄλλο γὰρ τὸ ἐν ἀμπέλῳ γλυκὺ, καὶ ἄλλο τὸ ἐν μηλέᾳ, καὶ σύκῳ, καὶ φοίνικι. Ἔτι σε βούλομαι περὶ τὴν ἐξέτασιν ταύτην φιλοτεχνῆσαι, πῶς τὸ αὐτὸ ὕδωρ νῦν μὲν λεῖόν ἐστι τῇ αἰσθήσει, ὅταν ἐν τοῖσδέ τισι τοῖς φυτοῖς γενόμενον ἀπογλυκανθῇ· νῦν δὲ πληκτικόν ἐστι τῆς γεύσεως, ὅταν δι' ἄλλων φυτῶν ἐνεχθὲν ἀποξύνηται. Καὶ πάλιν εἰς τὴν ἐσχάτην πικρότητα μεταβάλλον ἐκτραχύνει τὴν αἴσθησιν, ὅταν ἐν ἀψίνθῳ ἢ σκαμμωνίᾳ γένηται. Καὶ ἐν μὲν ταῖς βαλάνοις, ἢ τῷ καρπῷ τῆς κρανείας, πρὸς τὴν στυφὴν καὶ αὐστηρὰν ποιότητα μεταβάλλει· ἐν δὲ ταῖς τερεβίνθοις, καὶ ταῖς καρύαις, πρὸς ἁπαλὴν καὶ ἐλαιώδη φύσιν μεθίσταται. 5.9 Καὶ τί δεῖ τὰ πόρρω λέγειν, ὅπου γε ἐπὶ τῆς αὐτῆς συκῆς πρὸς τὰς ἐναντιωτάτας μεταβαίνει ποιότητας; Πικρότατον μὲν γάρ ἐστιν ἐν τῷ ὀπῷ, γλυκύτατον δὲ ἐν αὐτῷ τῷ καρπῷ. Καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς ἀμπέλου στυπτικώτατον μὲν ἐπὶ τῶν ἀκρεμόνων, ἥδιστον δὲ ἐν τοῖς βότρυσιν. Αἱ δὲ κατὰ τὰς χρόας διαφοραὶ, πόσαι; Ἴδοις ἂν ἐν λειμῶνι τὸ αὐτὸ ὕδωρ ἐρυθραινόμενον μὲν ἐν τῷδε τῷ ἄνθει, καὶ ἐν ἄλλῳ πορφυροῦν, καὶ κυανὸν ἐν τῷδε, καὶ ἐν ἑτέρῳ λευκόν· καὶ πλείονα πάλιν τῆς ἐν ταῖς χρόαις ποικιλίας, τὴν κατὰ τὰς ὀδμὰς διαφορὰν παρεχόμενον. Ἀλλὰ γὰρ ὁρῶ μοι τὸν λόγον τῇ ἀπληστίᾳ τῆς θεωρίας εἰς ἀμετρίαν ἐκπίπτοντα, ὃν ἐὰν μὴ δήσας πρὸς ἀνάγκην ἀπαγάγω τῆς κτίσεως, ἐπιλείψει με ἡ ἡμέρα τὴν μεγάλην σοφίαν ἐκ τῶν μικρο τάτων ὑμῖν παριστῶντα. Βλαστησάτω ἡ γῆ ξύλον κάρπιμον, ποιοῦν καρπὸν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς. Καὶ εὐθὺς αἱ κορυφαὶ τῶν ὀρέων ἐκόμων· καὶ ἐφιλοτεχνοῦντο παράδεισοι, καὶ ποταμῶν ὄχθαι μυρίοις γένεσι φυτῶν ὡραΐζοντο. Καὶ τὰ μὲν τὴν ἀνθρωπίνην ηὐτρέπιστο κατακοσμῆσαι τράπεζαν· τὰ δὲ βοσκήμασι τροφὴν παρεσκεύαζεν, ἐκ τῶν φύλλων, ἐκ τῶν καρπῶν. Ἄλλα τὰς ἐκ τῆς ἰατρικῆς ὠφελείας ἡμῖν προεξένει· τοὺς χυλοὺς, τοὺς ὀποὺς, τὰ κάρφη, τοὺς φλοιοὺς, τὸν καρπόν· καὶ ἁπαξαπλῶς ὅσα ἡμῖν ἡ χρονία πεῖρα ἐξεῦρεν, ἐκ τῶν κατὰ μέρος περιπτώσεων συλλεγομένη τὸ χρήσιμον, ταῦτα ἡ ὀξεῖα τοῦ κτίσαντος πρόνοια, ἐξ ἀρχῆς προβλεψαμένη, εἰς γένεσιν ἤγαγε. Σὺ δὲ ὅταν ἴδῃς τὰ ἥμερα, τὰ ἄγρια, τὰ φίλυδρα, τὰ χερσαῖα, τὰ ἀνθοφοροῦντα, ἢ τὰ ἀνάνθη, ἐν μικρῷ τὸν μέγαν ἐπιγινώσκων, πρόσθες ἀεὶ τῷ θαύματι, καὶ αὔξησόν μοι τὴν ἀγάπην τοῦ κτίσαντος. Ἐξέταζε πῶς τὰ μὲν ἀειθαλῆ ἐποίησε, τὰ δὲ γυμνούμενα· καὶ τῶν ἀειθαλῶν τὰ μὲν φυλλοβόλα, τὰ δὲ ἀείφυλλα. Φυλλοβολεῖ γὰρ καὶ ἐλαία καὶ πίτυς, εἰ καὶ λεληθότως ὑπαλλάσσει τὰ φύλλα, ὥστε μηδέποτε δοκεῖν τῆς κομῆς ἀπογυμνοῦσθαι. Ἀείφυλλον δὲ ὁ φοίνιξ, τῷ αὐτῷ φύλλῳ ἐκ τῆς πρώτης βλαστήσεως εἰς τέλος συμπαραμένων. Ἔπειτα κἀκεῖνο σκόπει, πῶς ἡ μυρίκη ὥσπερ ἀμφίβιόν ἐστι, καὶ τοῖς φιλύδροις συναριθμούμενον, καὶ κατὰ τὰς ἐρήμους πληθυνόμενον. ∆ιὸ καὶ ὁ Ἱερεμίας διαίως τὰ πονηρότερα καὶ ἐπαμφοτερίζοντα τῶν ἠθῶν τῷ τοιούτῳ φυτῷ παρεικάζει. 5.10