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Josephus did not shrink from testifying to this also in writing, in the words which he says: “But these things happened to the Jews in retribution for James the Just, who was the brother of Jesus who is called Christ, since, though he was a most righteous man, the Jews killed him.” 2.23.21 And the same man also makes clear his death in the twentieth book of the Antiquities in these words: “But Caesar sends Albinus to Judea as procurator, having heard of the death of Festus. But Ananus the younger, whom we said had received the high priesthood, was bold in temperament and exceedingly daring, and he followed the sect of the Sadducees, who are cruel in their judgments beyond all the 2.23.22 Jews, as we have already shown. Since, then, Ananus was of such a character, thinking he had a favorable opportunity because Festus was dead and Albinus was still on the way, he assembles a council of judges, and having brought before it the brother of Jesus, who is called Christ, James by name, and some others, having made an accusation as of law-breakers, he handed them over 2.23.23 to be stoned. But as many as seemed to be the most moderate of those in the city and strict concerning the laws, were offended at this, and they send secretly to the king, asking him to write to Ananus to do such things no more; for not even his first action had been right. And some of them also meet Albinus as he was journeying from Alexandria, and they inform him that it was not lawful for Ananus to assemble a council without his consent. And Albinus, persuaded by what was 2.23.24 said, writes with anger to Ananus, threatening to exact penalties from him, and for this reason King Agrippa took the high priesthood from him, after he had ruled for three months, and appointed Jesus the son of Dammaeus.” Such are the things concerning James, of whom the first of the so-called 2.23.25 Catholic epistles is said to be; but it must be known that it is considered spurious, at any rate not many of the ancients have mentioned it, nor the one called Jude, which is itself also one of the seven so-called Catholic epistles; nevertheless we know these also, with the rest, are publicly used in most churches. 2.24.1 In the eighth year of Nero's reign, first after Mark the evangelist, Annianus succeeded to the ministry of the diocese in Alexandria. And as Nero's rule was now becoming established, he plunged into unholy practices, and took up arms against piety towards the God of all. To describe, then, the sort of man he became in his wickedness is not the business of the present work; since many 2.25.2 have handed down the accounts of him in most accurate narratives, it is possible for anyone who wishes to contemplate from them the perversity of the man's extraordinary madness, in which, having brought about the destruction of countless myriads without reason, he advanced to such a pitch of bloodshed as not to spare even his nearest and dearest, but his mother and brothers and wife, along with countless others of his relatives, he did away with in various kinds of death as if they were enemies and foes. 2.25.3 But in addition to all this, it remained for this to be inscribed to his name, that he should be shown to be the first of the emperors to be an enemy of the 2.25.4 divine piety. Of him, again, the Roman Tertullian makes mention, speaking in this way: “Consult your records, there you will find Nero was the first to persecute this doctrine, especially when in Rome, having subdued all the East, he was cruel to all. We glory in such a man as the author of our punishment. For he who knows him can understand that nothing would have been condemned by Nero, unless it were some great good.” 2.25.5 In this way, then, this man, being proclaimed the very first fighter against God, was raised up for the slaughter of the apostles. It is related, therefore, that Paul was beheaded in Rome itself, and Peter likewise was crucified under him, and the story is confirmed by the name of Peter and Paul which has prevailed to this day upon 2.25.6 the cemeteries there,

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Ἰώσηπος οὐκ ἀπώκνησεν καὶ τοῦτ' ἐγγράφως ἐπιμαρτύρασθαι δι' ὧν φησιν λέξεων· «ταῦτα δὲ συμβέβηκεν Ἰουδαίοις κατ' ἐκδίκησιν Ἰακώβου τοῦ δικαίου, ὃς ἦν ἀδελφὸς Ἰησοῦ τοῦ λεγομένου Χριστοῦ, ἐπειδήπερ δικαιότατον αὐτὸν ὄντα οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι ἀπέκτειναν». 2.23.21 ὁ δ' αὐτὸς καὶ τὸν θάνατον αὐτοῦ ἐν εἰκοστῷ τῆς Ἀρχαιολογίας δηλοῖ διὰ τούτων· «πέμπει δὲ Καῖσαρ Ἀλβίνον εἰς τὴν Ἰουδαίαν ἔπαρχον, Φήστου τὴν τελευτὴν πυθόμενος. ὁ δὲ νεώτερος Ἄνανος, ὃν τὴν ἀρχιερωσύνην εἴπαμεν παρειληφέναι, θρασὺς ἦν τὸν τρόπον καὶ τολμητὴς διαφερόντως, αἵρεσιν δὲ μετῄει τὴν Σαδδουκαίων, οἵπερ εἰσὶ περὶ τὰς κρίσεις ὠμοὶ παρὰ πάντας τοὺς 2.23.22 Ἰουδαίους, καθὼς ἤδη δεδηλώκαμεν. ἅτε δὴ οὖν τοιοῦτος ὢν ὁ Ἄνανος, νομίσας ἔχειν καιρὸν ἐπιτήδειον διὰ τὸ τεθνάναι μὲν Φῆστον, Ἀλβῖνον δ' ἔτι κατὰ τὴν ὁδὸν ὑπάρχειν, καθίζει συνέδριον κριτῶν, καὶ παραγαγὼν εἰς αὐτὸ τὸν ἀδελφὸν Ἰησοῦ, τοῦ Χριστοῦ λεγομένου, Ἰάκωβος ὄνομα αὐτῷ, καί τινας ἑτέρους, ὡς παρανομησάντων κατηγορίαν ποιησάμενος, παρέδωκεν 2.23.23 λευσθησομένους. ὅσοι δὲ ἐδόκουν ἐπιεικέστατοι τῶν κατὰ τὴν πόλιν εἶναι καὶ τὰ περὶ τοὺς νόμους ἀκριβεῖς, βαρέως ἤνεγκαν ἐπὶ τούτῳ, καὶ πέμπουσι πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα κρύφα, παρακαλοῦντες αὐτὸν ἐπιστεῖλαι τῷ Ἀνάνῳ μηκέτι τοιαῦτα πράσσειν· μηδὲ γὰρ τὸ πρῶτον ὀρθῶς αὐτὸν πεποιηκέναι. τινὲς δ' αὐτῶν καὶ τὸν Ἀλβῖνον ὑπαντιάζουσιν ἀπὸ τῆς Ἀλεξανδρείας ὁδοιποροῦντα, καὶ διδάσκουσιν ὡς οὐκ ἐξὸν ἦν Ἀνάνῳ χωρὶς αὐτοῦ γνώμης καθίσαι συνέδριον. Ἀλβῖνος δὲ πεισθεὶς τοῖς λεγο2.23.24 μένοις, γράφει μετ' ὀργῆς τῷ Ἀνάνῳ, λήψεσθαι παρ' αὐτοῦ δίκας ἀπειλῶν, καὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς Ἀγρίππας διὰ τοῦτο τὴν ἀρχιερωσύνην ἀφελόμενος αὐτοῦ ἄρξαντος μῆνας τρεῖς, Ἰησοῦν τὸν τοῦ ∆αμμαίου κατέστησεν.» τοιαῦτα καὶ τὰ κατὰ Ἰάκωβον, οὗ ἡ πρώτη τῶν ὀνομαζομένων 2.23.25 καθολικῶν ἐπιστολῶν εἶναι λέγεται· ἰστέον δὲ ὡς νοθεύεται μέν, οὐ πολλοὶ γοῦν τῶν παλαιῶν αὐτῆς ἐμνημόνευσαν, ὡς οὐδὲ τῆς λεγομένης Ἰούδα, μιᾶς καὶ αὐτῆς οὔσης τῶν ἑπτὰ λεγομένων καθολικῶν· ὅμως δ' ἴσμεν καὶ ταύτας μετὰ τῶν λοιπῶν ἐν πλείσταις δεδημοσιευμένας ἐκκλησίαις. 2.24.1 Νέρωνος δὲ ὄγδοον ἄγοντος τῆς βασιλείας ἔτος, πρῶτος μετὰ Μάρκον τὸν εὐαγγελιστὴν τῆς ἐν Ἀλεξανδρείᾳ παροικίας Ἀννιανὸς τὴν λειτουργίαν διαδέχεται. Κραταιουμένης δ' ἤδη τῷ Νέρωνι τῆς ἀρχῆς, εἰς ἀνοσίους ὀκείλας ἐπιτηδεύσεις, κατ' αὐτῆς ὡπλίζετο τῆς εἰς τὸν τῶν ὅλων θεὸν εὐσεβείας. γράφειν μὲν οὖν οἷός τις οὗτος γεγένηται τὴν μοχθηρίαν, οὐ τῆς παρούσης γένοιτ' ἂν σχολῆς· πολλῶν γε 2.25.2 μὴν τὰ κατ' αὐτὸν ἀκριβεστάταις παραδεδωκότων διηγήσεσιν, πάρεστιν ὅτῳ φίλον, ἐξ αὐτῶν τὴν σκαιότητα τῆς τἀνδρὸς ἐκτόπου καταθεωρῆσαι μανίας, καθ' ἣν οὐ μετὰ λογισμοῦ μυρίων ὅσων ἀπωλείας διεξελθών, ἐπὶ τοσαύτην ἤλασε μιαιφονίαν, ὡς μηδὲ τῶν οἰκειοτάτων τε καὶ φιλτάτων ἐπισχεῖν, μητέρα δὲ ὁμοίως καὶ ἀδελφοὺς καὶ γυναῖκα σὺν καὶ ἄλλοις μυρίοις τῷ γένει προσήκουσιν τρόπον ἐχθρῶν καὶ πολεμίων ποικίλαις θανά 2.25.3 των ἰδέαις διαχρήσασθαι. ἐνέδει δ' ἄρα τοῖς πᾶσι καὶ τοῦτ' ἐπιγραφῆναι αὐτῷ, ὡς ἂν πρῶτος αὐτοκρατόρων τῆς εἰς τὸ 2.25.4 θεῖον εὐσεβείας πολέμιος ἀναδειχθείη. τούτου πάλιν ὁ Ῥωμαῖος Τερτυλλιανὸς ὧδέ πως λέγων μνημονεύει· «ἐντύχετε τοῖς ὑπομνήμασιν ὑμῶν, ἐκεῖ εὑρήσετε πρῶτον Νέρωνα τοῦτο τὸ δόγμα, ἡνίκα μάλιστα ἐν Ῥώμῃ, τὴν ἀνατολὴν πᾶσαν ὑποτάξας, ὠμὸς ἦν εἰς πάντας, διώξαντα. τοιούτῳ τῆς κολάσεως ἡμῶν ἀρχηγῷ καυχώμεθα. ὁ γὰρ εἰδὼς ἐκεῖνον νοῆσαι δύναται ὡς οὐκ ἄν, εἰ μὴ μέγα τι ἀγαθὸν ἦν, ὑπὸ Νέρωνος κατακριθῆναι». 2.25.5 ταύτῃ γοῦν οὗτος, θεομάχος ἐν τοῖς μάλιστα πρῶτος ἀνακηρυχθείς, ἐπὶ τὰς κατὰ τῶν ἀποστόλων ἐπήρθη σφαγάς. Παῦλος δὴ οὖν ἐπ' αὐτῆς Ῥώμης τὴν κεφαλὴν ἀποτμηθῆναι καὶ Πέτρος ὡσαύτως ἀνασκολοπισθῆναι κατ' αὐτὸν ἱστοροῦνται, καὶ πιστοῦταί γε τὴν ἱστορίαν ἡ Πέτρου καὶ Παύλου εἰς δεῦρο κρατήσασα ἐπὶ 2.25.6 τῶν αὐτόθι κοιμητηρίων πρόσρησις,