John Chrysostom, On Matthew

to be the first to be entrusted with the episcopate. And they say that he also practiced such austerity that all his members were deadened, and from his constant prayer and perpetual communion with the ground, his forehead had become so calloused that it was in no better condition than a camel’s knees 57.59 on account of its hardness. He also instructed Paul, when he went up to Jerusalem again after this, saying: You see, brother, how many thousands there are of those who have come together. So great was his understanding and zeal; or rather, so great was the power of Christ. For those who reviled him while he was alive, after he died were so astonished that they even died for him with great eagerness; which especially shows the power of the resurrection. For this is why the more glorious things were kept for later, so that this proof might become indisputable. For if we forget even those who are admired by us in life when they depart, how did those who mocked him while he lived later believe him to be God, if he was one of the many? And how would they have accepted to be slaughtered for his sake, unless they had received clear proof of the resurrection? 4. We say these things not only for you to hear, but also that you might imitate his courage, his boldness, and all his righteousness; so that no one might despair of himself, even if he was previously slothful; so that he might place his hopes in nothing else, after the mercy of God, but in his own virtue. For if these men profited nothing from such kinship, being of the same house and family as Christ, until they showed virtue, what pardon will we be able to enjoy, putting forward righteous relatives and brothers, if we are not exceedingly decent and have not lived in virtue? For the prophet, alluding to this very thing, said: A brother does not redeem, shall a man redeem? Even if it be Moses, or Samuel, or Jeremiah. Hear then what God says to him: Do not pray for this people, for I will not listen to you. And why are you amazed if I do not listen to you? For even Moses himself, he says, if he were present, and Samuel, I would not have accepted their supplication for these. And if it is Ezekiel who beseeches, he will hear that, If Noah, and Job, and Daniel stand, they shall not rescue their sons and daughters. And if it is Abraham the patriarch praying for those who are desperately ill and do not change, God will depart, leaving him, so as not to accept his voice on their behalf. And if it is Samuel again who does this, He will say to him: Do not mourn for Saul. And if one intercedes for a sister improperly, he will hear again what Moses did: If her father had but spit in her face. Let us not then gape at others. For the prayers of the saints have the greatest power, but only when we too repent and become better. Since even Moses, who at that time snatched his own brother and sixty myriads from the divine wrath, was not able to rescue his sister; and yet the sin was not equal; for she insulted Moses, whereas here the offense was impiety. But I leave this question to you; and I will try to solve what is still more difficult than this. For what need to speak of the sister? For he who was set over so great a people was not able to suffice for himself, 57.60 but after countless toils and hardships, and the attendance of forty years, was prevented from setting foot on the land, for which there were so many promises and pledges. What then was the reason? This favor was not expedient, but also held great harm, and was going to cause many of the Jews to stumble. For if, when they were only delivered from Egypt, they forsook God and sought Moses, and credited everything to him; if they had also seen him lead them into the land of promise, to what lengths of impiety would they not have gone? For this reason not even his tomb was made known. And Samuel was not able to deliver Saul from the wrath from above, but he often saved the Israelites. And Jeremiah was not sufficient for the Jews, but he covered someone else in his prophecy. And Daniel, indeed, the

ἐπισκοπὴν ἐγχειρισθῆναι πρῶτος. Φασὶ δὲ αὐτὸν καὶ σκληραγωγίᾳ προσέχειν τοσαύτῃ, ὡς καὶ τὰ μέλη νεκρωθῆναι ἅπαντα, καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς συνεχοῦς εὐχῆς, καὶ τῆς διηνεκοῦς πρὸς τὸ ἔδαφος ὁμιλίας τὸ μέτωπον οὕτως αὐτῷ κατεσκληκέναι, ὡς μηδὲν ἄμεινον γονάτων καμήλου διακεῖσθαι τῆς 57.59 ἀντιτυπίας ἕνεκεν αὐτῆς. Οὗτος καὶ τὸν Παῦλον μετὰ ταῦτα πάλιν εἰς τὰ Ἱεροσόλυμα ἀνελθόντα ῥυθμίζει λέγων· Θεωρεῖς, ἀδελφὲ, πόσαι μυριάδες εἰσὶ τῶν συνεληλυθότων. Τοσαύτη ἦν αὐτοῦ ἡ σύνεσις, καὶ ὁ ζῆλος· μᾶλλον δὲ τοσαύτη ἡ τοῦ Χριστοῦ δύναμις. Οἱ γὰρ διασύροντες αὐτὸν ζῶντα, μετὰ τὸ ἀποθανεῖν οὕτως ἐξεπλάγησαν, ὡς καὶ ἀποθανεῖν ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ μετὰ πολλῆς τῆς προθυμίας· ἅπερ μάλιστα δείκνυσι τῆς ἀναστάσεως τὴν ἰσχύν. ∆ιὰ γάρ τοι τοῦτο τὰ λαμπρότερα ὕστερον ἐτηρεῖτο, ἵνα ἀναμφισβήτητος αὕτη ἡ ἀπόδειξις γένηται. Εἰ γὰρ καὶ τῶν ἐν τῇ ζωῇ θαυμαζομένων παρ' ἡμῖν ἀπελθόντων ἐπιλανθανόμεθα, πῶς οἱ ζῶντα διαχλευάζοντες τοῦτον, ὕστερον Θεὸν εἶναι ἐνόμισαν, εἰ τῶν πολλῶν εἷς ἦν; πῶς δ' ἂν ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ καὶ σφαγῆναι κατεδέξαντο, εἰ μὴ σαφῆ τῆς ἀναστάσεως ἔλαβον τὴν ἀπόδειξιν; δʹ. Ταῦτα δὲ οὐχ ἵνα ἀκούητε λέγομεν μόνον, ἀλλ' ἵνα καὶ μιμῆσθε τήν τε ἀνδρείαν, τήν τε παῤῥησίαν, τήν τε δικαιοσύνην ἅπασαν· ἵνα μηδεὶς ἑαυτοῦ ἀπογινώσκῃ, κἂν πρὸ τούτου ῥᾴθυμος ἦν· ἵνα εἰς μηδὲν ἕτερον ἔχῃ τὰς ἐλπίδας, μετὰ τὸν ἔλεον τοῦ Θεοῦ, ἀλλ' εἰς ἀρετὴν οἰκείαν. Εἰ γὰρ οὗτοι τῆς τοιαύτης οὐδὲν ἀπώναντο συγγενείας, καὶ οἴκου καὶ πατριᾶς τῆς αὐτῆς ὄντες τῷ Χριστῷ, ἕως ἀρετὴν ἐπεδείξαντο, τίνος δυνησόμεθα ἀπολαῦσαι συγγνώμης ἡμεῖς, συγγενεῖς καὶ ἀδελφοὺς δικαίους προβαλλόμενοι, ἂν μὴ σφόδρα ὦμεν ἐπιεικεῖς καὶ ἐν ἀρετῇ βεβιωκότες; Καὶ γὰρ ὁ προφήτης αὐτὸ τοῦτο αἰνιττόμενος ἔλεγεν· Ἀδελφὸς οὐ λυτροῦται, λυτρώσεται ἄνθρωπος; κἂν Μωϋσῆς ᾖ, κἂν Σαμουὴλ, κἂν Ἱερεμίας. Ἄκουσον γοῦν τί φησι πρὸς αὐτὸν ὁ Θεός· Μὴ προσεύχου ὑπὲρ τοῦ λαοῦ τούτου, ὅτι οὐκ εἰσακούσομαί σου. Καὶ τί θαυμάζεις εἰ σοῦ οὐκ ἀκούω; Καὶ γὰρ αὐτὸς ὁ Μωϋσῆς. φησὶν, εἰ παρῆν, καὶ Σαμουὴλ, οὐκ ἂν αὐτῶν ἐδεξάμην τὴν ὑπὲρ τούτων ἱκετηρίαν. Κἂν Ἰεζεκιὴλ ᾖ ὁ παρακαλῶν, ἀκούσεται, ὅτι Ἐὰνστῇ Νῶε, καὶ Ἰὼβ, καὶ ∆ανιὴλ, υἱοὺς αὐτῶν καὶ θυγατέρας οὐ μὴ ἐξέλωνται. Κἂν Ἀβραὰμ ὁ πατριάρχης ᾗ ὑπὲρ τῶν σφόδρα ἀνίατα νοσούντων καὶ μὴ μεταβαλλομένων δεόμενος, ἀπελεύσεται ὁ Θεὸς αὐτὸν ἐγκαταλιμπάνων, ὥστε μὴ δέξασθαι τὴν ὑπὲρ τούτων φωνήν. Κἂν Σαμουὴλ ᾖ πάλιν ὁ τοῦτο ποιῶν, ἐρεῖ πρὸς αὐτόν· Μὴ πένθει περὶ τοῦ Σαούλ. Κἂν ὑπὲρ ἀδελφῆς τις παρακαλῇ μὴ προσηκόντως, ἀκούσεται πάλιν ὅπερ Μωϋσῆς· Εἰ ἐμπτύων ἐνέπτυσεν ὁ πατὴρ εἰς τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτῆς. Μὴ δὴ πρὸς ἑτέρους ὦμεν κεχηνότες. Ἔχουσι μὲν γὰρ δύναμιν αἱ εὐχαὶ τῶν ἁγίων μεγίστην, ἀλλ' ὅταν καὶ ἡμεῖς μετανοῶμεν καὶ γινώμεθα βελτίους. Ἐπεὶ καὶ Μωϋσῆς τὸν ἀδελφὸν τὸν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ μυριάδας ἑξήκοντα τῆς θεηλάτου τότε ὀργῆς ἐξαρπάσας, τὴν ἀδελφὴν οὐκ ἴσχυσεν ἐξελέσθαι· καίτοιγε οὐκ ἴσον τὸ ἁμάρτημα ἦν· ἐκείνη μὲν γὰρ τὸν Μωϋσέα ὕβρισεν· ἐνταῦθα δὲ ἀσέβεια ἦν τὸ τολμηθέν. Ἀλλὰ τοῦτο μὲν ὑμῖν ἀφίημι τὸ ζήτημα· τὸ δὲ ἔτι τούτου χαλεπώτερον ἐπιλῦσαι πειράσομαι. Τί γὰρ χρὴ λέγειν τὴν ἀδελφήν; Ὁ γὰρ τοσούτου δήμου προστὰς, ἑαυτῷ 57.60 ἀρκέσαι οὐκ ἴσχυσεν, ἀλλὰ μετὰ τοὺς μυρίους πόνους καὶ τὰς ταλαιπωρίας, καὶ τὴν ἐν τεσσαράκοντα ἔτεσι προσεδρείαν, ἐκωλύετο τῆς γῆς ἐπιβῆναι, ὑπὲρ ἧς ἐπαγγελίαι τοσαῦται καὶ ὑποσχέσεις. Τί οὖν τὸ αἴτιον; Οὐκ ἦν λυσιτελοῦσα ἡ χάρις αὕτη, ἀλλὰ καὶ πολὺ τὸ βλάβος ἔχουσα, καὶ πολλοὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων ὑποσκελίζειν ἔμελλεν. Εἰ γὰρ ἐπειδὴ τῆς Αἰγύπτου μόνης ἀπηλλάγησαν, τὸν Θεὸν ἀφέντες, Μωϋσέα ἐζήτουν, καὶ αὐτῷ τὸ πᾶν ἐλογίζοντο· εἰ καὶ εἰσαγαγόντα εἶδον εἰς τὴν γῆν τῆς ἐπαγγελίας, ποῦ οὐκ ἂν ἐξώκειλαν ἀσεβείας; ∆ιά τοι τοῦτο οὐδὲ ὁ τάφος αὐτοῦ κατάδηλος γέγονε. Καὶ Σαμουὴλ δὲ τὸν μὲν Σαοὺλ οὐκ ἴσχυσεν ἀπαλλάξαι τῆς ἄνωθεν ὀργῆς, τοὺς δὲ Ἰσραηλίτας πολλάκις διέσωσε. Καὶ ὁ Ἱερεμίας Ἰουδαίοις μὲν οὐκ ἤρκεσεν, ἕτερον δέ τινα ἐκάλυψεν ἐν τῇ προφητείᾳ. Καὶ ὁ ∆ανιὴλ τοὺς μὲν