Oratoria minora

 these things the phalanx-commander more courageous, the leader of the company stronger, the hoplite more ready for the needs of the moment, the one i

 This gathering is a symbol of peace, O wise and beloved audience of mine, and, to speak with God, a most accurate stamp of coming peace. But it also h

 of the barrier, may he himself also now make peace in our affairs and crush the opposing powers and find a way and a means for the desperate, he who b

 through whom corruption has stolen into our souls. But neither are you free from the things of envy for upon your breast and your belly you have walk

 None of you is without a share of lily-beds and rose-gardens, nor of other fragrance, what graces would one not enjoy when spring has arrived? But sin

 virtues, but these they practiced and pursued, and all, having made the body lean through fasting and having released the soul from the bonds of natur

 the heaven, how great, how ever-moving in its revolution, how wonderful in its nature? and the sun, how it is the source of the light here, how it is

 is tested by countless signs, but Egypt is punished by darkness and you, the new Israel, have been freed from the clay and the brick-making thence al

 has entrusted the rule of all. And having reviewed in his mind everyone, both soldiers and citizens, senators and governors, and all who had gained a

 Rejoice and exult at my proclamation which God has shown to be splendid and most illustrious as never another. 6 {1To those who think the philosopher

 so as to move the world, not to mention lead it up to heaven, but I am within the great circuit, for these reasons I have not wished to run in the sta

 of actions, but you do not act in the proper way, nor do you emulate those ancient orators, Pericles, Cimon, Demosthenes and the others who have under

 the pleasure of a matter drawing forth laughter, and the philosopher alone. But here it is the opposite in the case of your creation for you are the

 testifying to the sweetness in a philosophical man. And Plato often rebukes Dion for the sullenness and smilelessness of his soul but is not the phil

 A second matter is both adorned and set in order. This is the philosophy I too have emulated and if you examine it in one respect, you will count me

 are divided into an aristocracy, to be of lesser concern, because it is necessary to adorn the inner nature, while these things superficially beautify

 achievements. Aristotle also divided his entire force into cavalry and infantry. and of the infantry, he positioned the light-armed to throw stones an

 to judge their customs worthy of comparison to philosophy) those things lift one up above the ether on a whole wing, but this they sink in the sea, ju

 dividing and heaping up solids. But I also frequently showed you the images in mirrors and measured their sizes for you optically, having taken their

 To those who envied him for the most esteemed honor Neither will an occasion for envy be left for you, nor for me a cause for honor and advancement f

 ordained by God. But of the others, some excelled in these things, others in those, and no one in everything, or if anyone did, it was not as I have (

 I am called for there are those who give me this name. If, then, I embark on the matter as if it were not permitted or unskillfully, show me this ver

 they have imitated my manner for themselves. But look up also to the heavens at night, when all is clear, and see how not all the stars are of equal h

 oversights, and the other things of which the tragic daemons are providers for all things are abundant, as if dripping from some spring of evils. The

 a more grievous and troublesome evil. How very pleasing to them is the banquet hall. For as if shut up and squeezed together in some narrow place with

 he was showing the strength of his words for a prize set before him, but for a matter from which it was not possible to profit from buffoonery and ins

 We have known you as one who counterfeits its laws and has not understood even a trace of true wisdom. But O huckster, I have now suddenly changed my

 being torn away from the laws as if from your own limbs, and clinging to other limbs whose form you did not know nor whose use you had studied? How th

 and thus, having harmonized them with the rules of dialectic, you thence winged your way to theology. But you, as if having passed over the vale of th

 For such a thing had happened to these men, and Herodotus indeed mentions the story right at the beginning of the first of the Muses. And if you shoul

 sitting on the floor, knowing not even as much as mules. But I fear lest one of those standing by, taking hold of your cloak, might say, Friend, how

 He forces the nonsense into truth. Do not, therefore, speak with the man, do not touch him, do not share a table, neither of salt nor of other things,

 Taking a Megarian jar firmly in his two hands and raising it with both and fitting it to his lips, he drinks without taking a breath just like the oxe

 they judge matters by their own life, but not by the rule of truth. For since these men have hated indifference, and they live like bees arranged unde

 as you are writing, standing by your life. But we too shall write against our persecutors. For just as the seemliness of hair pleased you, so the unke

 sitting and with his fingers harnessing and re-harnessing horses in the shadows but there, one fighting against contrary winds and quickly backing wa

 Geometry, having taken its beginning from bodies, ended in the mind, though its nature is not so. For perception does not know how to beget mind, but

 he has set down some introductions to the subject, then, as if out of necessity, he turned his argument to what he wanted. And he has not chosen in an

 It is interwoven with its arguments and divided by its complexities and turned back upon itself. But if such styles have been assigned to perfect orat

 he puts to sleep. But the others have leaped out from here and there, from the dormouse-holes and from the caves, one a palm-breadth tall, another but

 changing the parts, preserves the same idea of the sound. But you must also take care for the art concerning the arrangement of the argument and do n

 mysteries, and there they were taught the equality of geometry, and when they needed to philosophize, they went to Egypt, and having chosen to study a

 but drawing them upon yourselves whence someone might indict you for sacrilege for having most shamelessly plagiarized things dedicated to divine men

 and you are zealous but you render the account for your studies just as one of the necessary debts which some are required to pay even unwillingly. A

 The birth-pangs of Plato and Aristotle are a bringing forth, by whom I am both born and fashioned. Do you see how from every side the argument has pro

 you render to me. And while I seem to neglect other things, your affair is my pursuit and care whence, staying awake far into the nights, as soon as

 to have the contemplation concerning these things, but from our wisdom to know the type and the truth, and to break the letter as if it were a shell,

 having done no wrong thus you are elegant and sophistic, or rather powerful men and tyrants, and you dance upon a gentle character. But you are still

 to the philosophers the technical matters, to learn the introductions, the proofs, the matters concerning demonstrations, how one reminds, how one pro

 they might fit a diatonic melody and arrange the strings for it, do they not play a prelude for it and practice beforehand, not just once, but as many

 should I enumerate poets and orators, who treated ancient genealogies with myths, from the very foundation basing their own discourse on myth? How the

 quality and draws as much as its appetite desired but if it sees the liquid of the water corrupted, it leaves this spring, and goes to another and se

 27 Encomium on the Flea They say ‘the gnat as an elephant.’ And so that our discourse may proceed along its path, let us attempt the flea as a leopard

 its begetter for it is precisely black, like an eastern Ethiopian having changed his skin color from sun-burning, and it immediately reveals the heat

 grieving. For it has appointed two masters of all things for itself, the sun for its birth, and man for its growth for from the one it has come into

 lest it produce apoplexy, nature has cut the skull into various sutures but it also divided the entire bone of the suture with certain small holes, t

 the awns guard, so also do the hairs of the louse ward off every attack. And even if the hunt should get close to the skin, it, just as they say spong

 So indeed this creature has received its natural power in all the parts of its body. Now, the other beasts, being ambushed from behind, are by nature

 from every side, equality bestows youth on nature. For men, when they grow old, and especially those who are graceful and tall in body, are filled wit

 He was being plotted against by those revolting within him because of the absence of the regulator and shield-bearer of health and adversary of diseas

 This is clear from the fact that it is possible to live without it and be well in the other senses, but the inactivity of these begets sickness and de

 shouting like a Bacchant and acclaiming the son of Zeus and Semele. And from where did this good thing come to you, he says, O blessed one? Did you

 let your communion with one another not be from habit and the opinion of the many, but let its principle be knowledge, and let the wandering and disor

 souls? Far from it. But the body does not work against the spermatic logos (for this reason it is formed according to what that logos wishes), but the

 working for just as the most drinkable of waters and the most temperate of airs dispose bodies well and generate a similar disposition, so also the c

 But let the one who fails take pride that his brother happens to be better than he. Agesilaus happened to be the first among the Lacedaemonians even b

 Let us summarize, by virtue, by reason, and by ancestral goods, using these three things for the best ends, you will be left behind in no part of eter

 All things are mixed. But she fails in her plan, as the hero draws his sword against her, whence she almost breathed her last for her form is changed

 by reason for see how the limbs have been fitted to nature. or rather, I shall marvel at the artist even from the stone for he did not place the var

 being brought up, was he not turned away? Was not the compassionate one pricked to the heart over you? For this reason he shall be un-sacrificed and u

 Nothing that exists is above Olympus. and so that I might make the last things of my discourse first, heaven is indeed adorned with stars, but these a

 they have been hollowed out spontaneously, he will find how he might live luxuriously. For if he should go under the shade of a tree, immediately soft

 pleasing, but all things were full of all things- the first tabernacle, the mercy-seat, the veil, the temple, the side-scenes, the vestibules, the out

 discerning that man is an animal, which he did not know, and whatever else belongs to this, lest I make a further example of the foolish, or of the on

 Intently and from every side examining subtleties, I was investigating the extensions, the releases, the intonations, the transitions, the displacemen

 he has come, nor has he arrived to gather spiritual fruits, but only for the sake of this man whom you see reading with pleasure. For just as one who

 Who will relate your magadis upon the breast and the songs and warblings upon your tongue, that all-harmonious melody, the pleasure that knows no sati

 and himself, but what kind the others are, I do not know. For I see a form above human nature, and a look in one way cherubic, in another leonine, in

 an ineffable sympathy and in turn feels a contrary passion, as the cosmos happens to be one living being, and how Plato, having posited the elements a

 I have not heard of him rising up against anyone nor boasting for the whole time, but just as they say that the very learned accuse themselves of a te

 to know what sort of thing your grandfather had become in life and what command of language he had. But I shall praise you, not by bringing in falseho

 to revel. But whenever your bond was loosened and you shed the swaddling clothes, you did not know what to do with yourself, looking more cheerful, sm

Taking a Megarian jar firmly in his two hands and raising it with both and fitting it to his lips, he drinks without taking a breath just like the oxen. He has inspected all the taverns of the city, and he puts first of all, as I have often heard from him, that of Sananus and that of Melitragus (for that of Gorgoplutus he says has fallen behind, since that man's son does not practice the art very precisely); and he knows by whom unmixed wine is sold unmixed, and who adulterate it, and where the darkest is more abundant, and where the tawny and light, and that the Chian is first among these (for it is more potent, he says, than the others and most sufficient to nourish the body's nature). Is he then such a man in these matters, and has he surpassed those famous for these things, but decent in his bearing and moderate? And how many of his distorted postures could one enumerate, or how could one express their variety? For what he contorts on purpose while playing and talking nonsense, let it not now be set among the accusations, but let these things be part of his game. But as for his graceful gestures, he twists his lips, with no one forcing him, now to the right, now suddenly to the left, and the same gesture often; he rolls his eyes, his nostrils breathe out insolence and contempt, he shifts his head, he shrugs his shoulders, he repositions his hands, now stretching them over his shoulders down his back, now with both either tearing at his belly in opposition or scratching his thighs or doing something else of the more absurd things. He has never brought his feet together nor stood on the same base and position, but planting his left foot straight on the ground, leaning on the other, he swings his right one around it; and if someone seeing him thus should rebuke him, he, wishing to correct the posture, switches his feet, and his correction is the opposite posture. But choosing to lunch or dine, he is an overturner of what is proper, now deliberately shaking the table for his fellow diners and overturning the plates and the bowls, now thrusting both his hands into the pot and at the same time tearing apart both the dish and the frying-pan with both hands and tasting them like a dog. And so that I may become a bad and artless orator concerning him, putting the first things last (for one must not apply reason to the unreasonable), such are also his father and his mother and his brother. But the things concerning his father I leave for others to say; but his mother, whom I have also seen, is a sorceress and a poisoner and the sort to enslave free natures and lead them far from their motherland, such as he himself has suffered from her in matters most dear; and his brother, and this though not yet a youth, is not unlike him. To sum it all up, such is my tutor, for whom what else could I pray than that he die quickly, so that he not cherish such evil in himself? 17 To his own grammarian I have made my speech on your behalf against those against you, my most learned grammarian. For certain Anytuses and Aristophaneses and Meletuses have indicted you too, not because you introduce new divinities into life, but because you are plainly possessed. And yet you neither spit foam from your mouth nor have you ever been thrown to the ground nor do you do or suffer anything else of all that befalls those who are inspired; but your hair being so disorderly and wild, and the wandering of your eyes and such expressions of your face, both nodding and shaking your head without any reason, and the readiness of your laughter and the other things like these have produced this opinion in them. So then, the accusers are civil in manner, but not philosophers in mind; whence to the

Μεγαρέων κεράμιον ἀπρὶξ ταῖν χεροῖν λαβόμενος καὶ ἀμφοτέραις μετεωρίσας καὶ τοῖς χείλεσι προσαρμόσας ἀπνευστὶ πίνει καθάπερ οἱ βόες. διηκριβώσατο δὲ ξύμπαντα τὰ καπηλεῖα τῆς πόλεως, πρῶτα δὲ τῶν πάντων τίθεται, ὡς αὐτοῦ πολλάκις ἠκροα σάμην, τὸ τοῦ Σανανοῦ καὶ τὸ τοῦ Μελιτράγου (τὸ γὰρ τοῦ Γοργοπλούτου φησὶν εἰς τὸ κατόπιν ἀναποδίσαι, τοῦ υἱέος ἐκείνου μὴ πάνυ τὴν τέχνην ἐξακριβοῦντος)· οἶδε δὲ παρὰ τίσι μὲν ἄκρατος πωλεῖται ὁ ἄκρατος, τίνες δὲ τοῦτον ἐπινοθεύουσι καὶ ποῦ μὲν ὁ μελάντατος πλείων, ποῦ δὲ ὁ κιρρὸς καὶ λεπτὸς καὶ ὅτι τὰ πρῶτα τούτου ὁ Χῖος (δυναμικώτερος γάρ, φησί, τῶν ἄλλων καὶ θρέψαι φύσιν σώματος αὐταρκέστατος). Ἆρ' οὖν ταῦτα μὲν τοιοῦτος καὶ τοὺς ἐπὶ τούτοις διαβοήτους ὑπερηκον τικώς, εὐπρεπὴς δὲ τὸ σχῆμα καὶ μέτριος; καὶ πόσα ἄν τις εἰπὼν τὰ διεστραμμένα τούτου ἐξαριθμήσαιτο σχήματα ἢ πῶς ἂν τὴν ποικιλίαν ἐκφράσειεν; ἃ μὲν γὰρ ἐξεπίτηδες παίζων καὶ φλυαρῶν διασχηματίζοιτο, μὴ κείσθω ἐν αἰτιάμασι νῦν, ἀλλ' ἔστω ταῦτα τῆς παιδιᾶς. οἷα δὲ αὐτῷ τὰ εὐσχήμονα, διαστρέφει τὼ χείλει μηδενὸς ἀναγκάζοντος νῦν μὲν ἐπὶ τὰ δεξιά, νῦν δὲ ἐπὶ τὰ εὐώνυμα ἀθρόον, καὶ τὸ αὐτὸ σχῆμα πολλάκις· σοβεῖ τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς, ὕβριν ἀποπνεῖ τῶν μυκτήρων καὶ περιφρόνησιν, διαλλάτ τει τὴν κεφαλήν, ἀνασηκοῖ τοὺς ὤμους, μετατίθησι τὰς χεῖρας, νῦν μὲν ὑπερωμίσας ἐπεκτείνει κατὰ τῆς ῥάχεως, νῦν δ' ἀμφοτέραις ἢ τὴν γαστέρα ἀντιθέτως διασπαράττει ἢ τοὺς μηροὺς διαξέεται ἢ ἄλλο τι τῶν ἀτοπωτέρων ποιεῖ. τοὺς πόδας οὐδέποτε συνηρμόσατο οὐδ' ἐπὶ τῆς αὐτῆς ἔστη βάσεώς τε καὶ τάξεως, ἀλλὰ τὸν ἀριστερὸν κατ' εὐθεῖαν ἐρείσας τῇ γῇ, ἐπὶ θάτερον νεύσας ἀντιπεριάγει τούτῳ τὸν δεξιόν· κἂν εἴ τις οὕτως ἰδὼν ἐπιπλήξειεν, ὁ δὲ διορθῶσαι τὸ σχῆμα βουλόμενος ἐναλ λάττει τὼ πόδε, καὶ ἔστιν αὐτῷ διόρθωσις ἡ ἀντίθεσις. ἀριστᾶν δὲ ἢ δειπνεῖν προελόμενος ἀνατροπεύς ἐστι τοῦ καθήκοντος, νῦν μὲν διασείων τοῖς συνδείπνοις τὴν τράπεζαν ἐξεπίτηδες καὶ ἀνατρέπων τοὺς πινακίσκους καὶ τὰ τρυβλία, νῦν δὲ ἄμφω τὼ χέρε βάλλων κατὰ τῆς χύτρας καὶ ὁμοῦ τήν τε λοπάδα καὶ τὸ τάγηνον ταῖς χερσὶν ἀμφοτέραις διασπαράττων καὶ ἀπογευόμενος κυνηδόν. Καὶ ἵνα δὴ κακὸς περὶ αὐτὸν καὶ ἄτεχνος ῥήτωρ γένωμαι ὕστερα τὰ πρῶτα τιθείς (οὐδὲ γὰρ δεῖ λόγον τοῖς ἀλόγοις ἐπαγαγεῖν), τοιοῦτος αὐτῷ καὶ ὁ πατὴρ καὶ ἡ μήτηρ καὶ ὁ ἀδελφός. ἀλλὰ τὰ μὲν τοῦ φύσαντος ἑτέροις ἀφίημι λέγειν· ἡ δὲ μήτηρ αὐτῷ, ἣν καὶ τεθέαμαι, μάγος καὶ φαρμακὶς καὶ οἵα ἐλευθέρας φύσεις ἀνδραποδίσασθαι καὶ πόρρω τῆς ἐνεγκούσης ἐξαγαγεῖν, ὁποῖον αὐτὸς περὶ τὰ φίλτατα παρ' αὐτῆς πέπονθεν· ὁ δὲ ἀδελφός, καὶ ταῦτα οὔπω ἡβήσας, οὐδὲν αὐτῷ ἀπεοικώς ἐστιν. ἵνα συνελὼν εἴπω τὸ πᾶν, τοιοῦτος ὁ παπᾶς ὁ ἐμός, ᾧ τί ἂν ἄλλο ἐπαρασαίμην ἢ ταχὺ θανεῖν, ὥστε μὴ τοιοῦτον ἐν ἑαυτῷ θάλπειν κακόν; 17 Πρὸς τὸν οἰκεῖον γραμματικόν Ὑπὲρ σοῦ πρὸς τοὺς κατὰ σοῦ τὸν λόγον πεποίημαι, λογιώτατέ μοι γραμματικέ. ἐγράψαντο γὰρ καὶ σὲ Ἄνυτοί τινες καὶ Ἀριστοφάνεις καὶ Μέλητοι οὐχ ὅτι καινὰ τῷ βίῳ εἰσφέρεις δαιμόνια, ἀλλ' ὅτι δαιμονᾷς ἄντικρυς. καίτοι γε οὔτε ἀφρὸν παραπτύεις τοῦ στόματος οὔτε κατὰ γῆς ἔρριψαι πώποτε οὔτε ἄλλο τι δρᾷς ἢ πάσχεις τῶν ὅσα καταλαμβάνει τοὺς ἐνθεάζοντας· ἀλλὰ ἡ κόμη οὕτως ἔχουσα ἀτάκτως καὶ σεσοβημένως καὶ τὸ πεπλανημένον τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν οἵ τε τοιοίδε τοῦ προσώπου σχηματισμοί, νεύοντές τε σὺν οὐδενὶ λόγῳ καὶ ἀνανεύοντες, καὶ τὸ τοῦ γέλωτος πρόχειρον καὶ τἆλλα τὰ τούτοις παρεοικότα τὴν τοιαύτην δόξαν αὐτοῖς ἐμπεποίηκεν. Εἰσὶ δὲ ἄρα οἱ κατηγοροῦντες πολιτικοὶ μὲν τὸν τρόπον, οὐ μὴν δὲ τὴν γνώμην φιλόσοφοι· ὅθεν τῷ