you see that I have.”〛 And concerning how it is said to him, “Do not be unbelieving, but believing,” and concerning the name of Thomas, such things might be said: that he changed the names of those deemed worthy by the Savior of a greater vision concerning his transfiguration on the mountain and of Moses and Elijah who appeared in glory. But for this reason he did not change the names of the rest, since they were sufficient even in themselves to represent the character of each. Therefore, it is not our present purpose to speak of the other apostles, but of Thomas, which is interpreted as Didymus, for this reason, because he was a kind of twin in his discourse, setting forth divine things in a twofold manner and an imitator of Christ, who spoke to those outside in parables, but in private explained all things to his own disciples. And it is not at all strange to say that the genuine disciples of Christ achieve this twofold <the> preparation in discourse, which perhaps Thomas already then possessed in an exceptional way. And one might say for this reason that the interpretation of his name alone was recorded, because the evangelist wished for the Greeks encountering the Gospel to pay attention to the peculiarity of the interpretation of the name, which was interpreted preeminently alone, so that they might find the reason why his name was also set forth in Greek. 110 It would have been more proper to say “Is” of the divine Logos; but since, in distinction from the incarnation, which happened at a certain time, he was indicating the existence of the Logos, he used “Was” instead of “Is.” But it must be known that the proper temporal significations of verbs should not be understood in the case of eternal things, that is, “Was” is both is and will be. For the divine Logos and Son of the Father, being an eternal God, the verbs used of him must not be understood as also signifying time, since he himself is not under time; for a verb is that which signifies time in addition, as Aristotle says. 111 He used the appropriate verbs: “Became” for the flesh, and “Was” for the divinity. And “through him” is not stated on account of service, but of cooperation with the Father, and that nothing of existing things is excluded from being made through him. 112 For the life-giving power in him is not only sufficient for giving life, but also for filling the souls of men with knowledge, and <also> driving out ignorance, [that] just as Paul was ignorant of Christ while persecuting, but being illuminated by the light of life, he came to know the one being persecuted; and the thief, suffering on the cross and being enlightened, knew the life. For the Savior says: “No one can come to me, unless the Father draws him.” 113 For the purpose of the one who sent was that all should believe; but if not all believed, and <did not> receive the illumination of the sun, one would not then say that the sun does not rise for this purpose. For the prophets before John became witnesses to the light so that the Hebrews might believe through them. But John, coming after them, testifies to the advent of the Savior <so that> not only the Hebrews might believe but also all those from the nations, as the prophet says: “I will pour out my spirit upon all flesh”; and David: “All the nations will serve him.” 114 “Of bloods,” that is, they have their birth from material things. At any rate, the Savior says to Peter that “Flesh and blood has not revealed it to you, but my Father who is in heaven.” (And otherwise:) They are called sons of God who do not offer sacrifices according to the law from bloods, that is, pleasing God through slaughters and the shedding of bloods; and from the will of the flesh are those who do all things in order to appear righteous to men. For “by the will of the flesh” these purpose to please by circumcising the flesh and wishing to Judaize openly, but not <to> care for the heart and for the Judaism that is in secret. From the will of man are those who on the pretext of human philosophy abstain from vice, and take up virtue. 115 And saying “He cried out” means that with boldness and freedom and without any reservation he preached the coming. and the cry not according to utterance but according to that of the mind
θεωρεῖτε ἔχοντα».〛 περὶ δὲ τοῦ πῶς λέγεται αὐτῷ «Μὴ γίνου ἄπιστος ἀλλὰ πιστὸς» καὶ εἰς τὸ ὄνομα δὲ τοῦ Θωμᾶ τοι αῦτα ἂν λεχθείη, ὅτι τῶν μὲν ἀξιωθησομένων ὑπὸ τοῦ σωτῆρος μεί ζονος θεωρίας περὶ τῆς ἐν τῷ ὄρει μεταμορφώσεως αὐτοῦ καὶ τῶν ὀφθέντων ἐν δόξῃ Μωσέως καὶ Ἠλίου τὰ ὀνόματα μετεποίησεν. τῶν δὲ λοιπῶν διὰ τοῦτο τὰ ὀνόματα οὐ μετεποίησεν, ἐπεὶ καὶ αὐτάρκη καὶ καθ' ἑαυτὰ ἦν παραστῆσαι τὸ ἑκάστου ἦθος. περὶ μὲν οὖν τῶν λοιπῶν ἀποστόλων οὐ νῦν πρόκειται λέγειν, περὶ δὲ τοῦ Θωμᾶ, ὃς ἑρμηνεύεται ∆ίδυμος, διὰ τοῦτο, ἐπεὶ δίδυμός τις τὸν λόγον ἦν ἀπο γραφόμενος τὰ θεῖα δισσῶς καὶ μιμητὴς Χριστοῦ τοῖς μὲν ἔξω ἐν παραβολαῖς λαλοῦντος, κατ' ἰδίαν δὲ τοῖς ἰδίοις μαθηταῖς τὰ πάντα ἐπιλύοντος. καὶ οὐκ ἄτοπόν γε φάσκειν τοὺς γνησίους Χριστοῦ μα θητὰς κατορθοῦν διττὸν τοῦτο <τὸ> τῆς ἐν λόγῳ παρασκευῆς, ὅπερ ἤδη τάχα καὶ ἐξαιρέτως εἶχεν ἔκτοτε ὁ Θωμᾶς. εἴποι δ' ἄν τις καὶ διὰ τοῦτο τὴν ἑρμηνείαν μόνου τούτου ἀναγεγράφθαι, τῷ βεβουλῆσθαι τὸν εὐαγγελιστὴν Ἕλληνας ἐντυγχάνοντας τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ ἐπιστῆσαι τῇ ἰδιότητι τῆς ἑρμηνείας τοῦ ὀνόματος κατ' ἐξοχὴν μόνον ἑρμηνευ θέντος ἐπὶ τῷ εὑρεῖν τὴν αἰτίαν τοῦ καὶ Ἑλληνιστὶ ἐκκεῖσθαι τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ. 110 Κυριώτερον μὲν ἦν εἰπεῖν ἐπὶ τοῦ θεοῦ λόγου τὸ «Ἔστιν»· ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ πρὸς διαφορὰν τῆς ἐνανθρωπήσεως γενομένης ἔν τινι καιρῷ ἐδήλου τὴν ὕπαρξιν τοῦ λόγου, ἀντὶ τοῦ «Ἔστιν» τῷ «Ἦν» κέχρηται ἰστέον δὲ ὅτι τὰς κυρίως σημασίας τῶν ῥημάτων τοῦ χρόνου οὐ δεῖ ἐκλαμβάνειν ἐπὶ τῶν ἀιδίων, ἤγουν τὸ «Ἦν» καὶ ἔστιν καὶ ἔσται. ὁ γὰρ θεὸς λόγος καὶ υἱὸς ὢν τοῦ πατρὸς ἀίδιος τυγχάνων θεὸς τὰ ἐπ' αὐτοῦ ῥήματα οὐ μετὰ τοῦ προσσημαίνειν χρόνον ἐκλαμβάνειν δεῖ, μὴ ὢν αὐτὸς ὑπὸ χρόνον· ῥῆμα δέ ἐστι τὸ προσσημαῖνον χρό νον, ὡς Ἀριστοτέλης φησίν. 111 Καταλλήλοις τοῖς ῥήμασιν ἐχρήσατο τῷ μὲν «Ἐγένετο» ἐπὶ τῆς σαρκός, τῷ δὲ «Ἦν» ἐπὶ τῆς θεότητος. τὸ δὲ δι' αὐτοῦ οὐ διακονίας ἕνεκα κεῖται, ἀλλὰ πρὸς τὸν πατέρα συνεργίας, καὶ ὅτι οὐδὲν ὑπεξαι ρεῖται τῶν ὄντων τῆς δι' αὐτοῦ ποιήσεως. 112 Ἡ γὰρ ἐν αὐτῷ ζωτικὴ δύναμις οὐ πρὸς τὸ ζωοποιεῖν μόνον ἱκανή ἐστιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ γνώσεως πληροῦν τὰς τῶν ἀνθρώπων ψυχάς, τήν <τε> ἄγνοιαν ἐλαύνειν, [ὅτι] οἷον ὁ Παῦλος ἠγνόει τὸν χριστὸν διώκων, ἀλλ' ὑπὸ τοῦ φωτὸς τῆς ζωῆς αὐγασθεὶς ἔγνω τὸν διωκό μενον· καὶ ὁ λῃστὴς ἐπὶ τοῦ σταυροῦ πάσχων καὶ φωτισθεὶς ἔγνω τὴν ζωήν. φησὶν γὰρ ὁ σωτήρ· «Οὐδεὶς δύναται ἐλθεῖν πρός με, «ἐὰν μὴ ὁ πατὴρ ἑλκύσῃ αὐτόν». 113 Ἡ μὲν γὰρ πρόθεσις τοῦ πέμψαντος ἦν πιστεῦσαι πάντας· εἰ δὲ μὴ πάντες ἐπίστευσαν, καὶ τὸν φωτισμὸν <μὴ> παρεδέξαντο τοῦ ἡλίου, οὐκ ἤδη δὲ τὸν ἥλιον φαίη τις ἂν μὴ ἐπὶ τοῦτο ἀνατέλλειν. οἱ μὲν γὰρ πρὸ Ἰωάννου προφῆται μάρτυρες γεγόνασι τοῦ φωτὸς ἐπὶ τῷ τοὺς Ἑβραίους πιστεῦσαι δι' αὐτῶν. ὁ δὲ Ἰωάννης μετ' αὐτοὺς γενόμενος τοῦ σωτῆρος τὴν ἐπιδημίαν μαρτυρεῖ <ἐπὶ τῷ> οὐ τοὺς Ἑβ ραίους μόνους πιστεῦσαι ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς ἐξ ἐθνῶν πάντας, καθώς φησιν ὁ προφήτης· «Ἐκχεῶ ἀπὸ τοῦ πνεύματός μου ἐπὶ πᾶσαν σάρ «κα»· καὶ ὁ ∆αβίδ· «Πάντα τὰ ἔθνη δουλεύσουσιν αὐτῷ». 114 «Ἐξ αἱμάτων» τουτέστιν ἐξ ὑλικῶν ἔχουσι τὴν γέννησιν. τῷ γοῦν Πέτρῳ ὁ σωτήρ φησιν ὅτι «Σὰρξ καὶ αἷμα οὐκ ἀπεκάλυψέ σοι, ἀλλ' «ὁ πατήρ μου ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς». (Καὶ ἄλλως·) Υἱοὶ θεοῦ εἶναι λέγονται οἱ οὐκ ἐξ αἱμάτων τὰς κατὰ νόμους θυσίας προσάγοντες, ἤγουν διὰ σφαγῶν καὶ αἱμά των ἐκχύσεως εὐαρεστοῦντες τῷ θεῷ, ἐκ θελήματος δὲ σαρκὸς οἱ πάντα ποιοῦντες πρὸς τὸ φανῆναι τοῖς ἀνθρώποις δίκαιοι. «θελή «ματι γὰρ σαρκὸς» εὐαρεστεῖν οὗτοι προτέθεινται τὴν σάρκα περι τεμνόμενοι καὶ προφανῶς ἰουδαΐζειν θέλοντες, μὴ ἐπιμελεῖσθαι <δὲ> τῆς καρδίας καὶ τοῦ ἐν τῷ κρυπτῷ Ἰουδαϊσμοῦ ἐκ θελήματος ἀνδρὸς οἱ προφάσει ἀνθρωπίνης φιλοσοφίας ἀπεχόμενοι μὲν κακίας, ἀρετὴν δὲ ἀναλαβόμενοι. 115 Τὸ δὲ «Κέκραγε» λέγων ἀντὶ τοῦ Μετὰ παρρησίας καὶ ἐλευ θερίας καὶ χωρὶς ὑποστολῆς ἁπάσης τὴν παρουσίαν ἐκήρυξε. τὴν δὲ κραυγὴν οὐ κατὰ τὴν προφορὰν ἀλλὰ κατὰ τὸ τῆς νοήσεως