Oratoria minora
these things the phalanx-commander more courageous, the leader of the company stronger, the hoplite more ready for the needs of the moment, the one i
This gathering is a symbol of peace, O wise and beloved audience of mine, and, to speak with God, a most accurate stamp of coming peace. But it also h
of the barrier, may he himself also now make peace in our affairs and crush the opposing powers and find a way and a means for the desperate, he who b
through whom corruption has stolen into our souls. But neither are you free from the things of envy for upon your breast and your belly you have walk
None of you is without a share of lily-beds and rose-gardens, nor of other fragrance, what graces would one not enjoy when spring has arrived? But sin
virtues, but these they practiced and pursued, and all, having made the body lean through fasting and having released the soul from the bonds of natur
the heaven, how great, how ever-moving in its revolution, how wonderful in its nature? and the sun, how it is the source of the light here, how it is
is tested by countless signs, but Egypt is punished by darkness and you, the new Israel, have been freed from the clay and the brick-making thence al
has entrusted the rule of all. And having reviewed in his mind everyone, both soldiers and citizens, senators and governors, and all who had gained a
Rejoice and exult at my proclamation which God has shown to be splendid and most illustrious as never another. 6 {1To those who think the philosopher
so as to move the world, not to mention lead it up to heaven, but I am within the great circuit, for these reasons I have not wished to run in the sta
of actions, but you do not act in the proper way, nor do you emulate those ancient orators, Pericles, Cimon, Demosthenes and the others who have under
the pleasure of a matter drawing forth laughter, and the philosopher alone. But here it is the opposite in the case of your creation for you are the
testifying to the sweetness in a philosophical man. And Plato often rebukes Dion for the sullenness and smilelessness of his soul but is not the phil
A second matter is both adorned and set in order. This is the philosophy I too have emulated and if you examine it in one respect, you will count me
are divided into an aristocracy, to be of lesser concern, because it is necessary to adorn the inner nature, while these things superficially beautify
achievements. Aristotle also divided his entire force into cavalry and infantry. and of the infantry, he positioned the light-armed to throw stones an
to judge their customs worthy of comparison to philosophy) those things lift one up above the ether on a whole wing, but this they sink in the sea, ju
dividing and heaping up solids. But I also frequently showed you the images in mirrors and measured their sizes for you optically, having taken their
To those who envied him for the most esteemed honor Neither will an occasion for envy be left for you, nor for me a cause for honor and advancement f
ordained by God. But of the others, some excelled in these things, others in those, and no one in everything, or if anyone did, it was not as I have (
I am called for there are those who give me this name. If, then, I embark on the matter as if it were not permitted or unskillfully, show me this ver
they have imitated my manner for themselves. But look up also to the heavens at night, when all is clear, and see how not all the stars are of equal h
oversights, and the other things of which the tragic daemons are providers for all things are abundant, as if dripping from some spring of evils. The
a more grievous and troublesome evil. How very pleasing to them is the banquet hall. For as if shut up and squeezed together in some narrow place with
he was showing the strength of his words for a prize set before him, but for a matter from which it was not possible to profit from buffoonery and ins
We have known you as one who counterfeits its laws and has not understood even a trace of true wisdom. But O huckster, I have now suddenly changed my
being torn away from the laws as if from your own limbs, and clinging to other limbs whose form you did not know nor whose use you had studied? How th
and thus, having harmonized them with the rules of dialectic, you thence winged your way to theology. But you, as if having passed over the vale of th
For such a thing had happened to these men, and Herodotus indeed mentions the story right at the beginning of the first of the Muses. And if you shoul
sitting on the floor, knowing not even as much as mules. But I fear lest one of those standing by, taking hold of your cloak, might say, Friend, how
He forces the nonsense into truth. Do not, therefore, speak with the man, do not touch him, do not share a table, neither of salt nor of other things,
Taking a Megarian jar firmly in his two hands and raising it with both and fitting it to his lips, he drinks without taking a breath just like the oxe
they judge matters by their own life, but not by the rule of truth. For since these men have hated indifference, and they live like bees arranged unde
as you are writing, standing by your life. But we too shall write against our persecutors. For just as the seemliness of hair pleased you, so the unke
sitting and with his fingers harnessing and re-harnessing horses in the shadows but there, one fighting against contrary winds and quickly backing wa
Geometry, having taken its beginning from bodies, ended in the mind, though its nature is not so. For perception does not know how to beget mind, but
he has set down some introductions to the subject, then, as if out of necessity, he turned his argument to what he wanted. And he has not chosen in an
It is interwoven with its arguments and divided by its complexities and turned back upon itself. But if such styles have been assigned to perfect orat
he puts to sleep. But the others have leaped out from here and there, from the dormouse-holes and from the caves, one a palm-breadth tall, another but
changing the parts, preserves the same idea of the sound. But you must also take care for the art concerning the arrangement of the argument and do n
mysteries, and there they were taught the equality of geometry, and when they needed to philosophize, they went to Egypt, and having chosen to study a
but drawing them upon yourselves whence someone might indict you for sacrilege for having most shamelessly plagiarized things dedicated to divine men
and you are zealous but you render the account for your studies just as one of the necessary debts which some are required to pay even unwillingly. A
The birth-pangs of Plato and Aristotle are a bringing forth, by whom I am both born and fashioned. Do you see how from every side the argument has pro
you render to me. And while I seem to neglect other things, your affair is my pursuit and care whence, staying awake far into the nights, as soon as
to have the contemplation concerning these things, but from our wisdom to know the type and the truth, and to break the letter as if it were a shell,
having done no wrong thus you are elegant and sophistic, or rather powerful men and tyrants, and you dance upon a gentle character. But you are still
to the philosophers the technical matters, to learn the introductions, the proofs, the matters concerning demonstrations, how one reminds, how one pro
they might fit a diatonic melody and arrange the strings for it, do they not play a prelude for it and practice beforehand, not just once, but as many
should I enumerate poets and orators, who treated ancient genealogies with myths, from the very foundation basing their own discourse on myth? How the
quality and draws as much as its appetite desired but if it sees the liquid of the water corrupted, it leaves this spring, and goes to another and se
27 Encomium on the Flea They say ‘the gnat as an elephant.’ And so that our discourse may proceed along its path, let us attempt the flea as a leopard
its begetter for it is precisely black, like an eastern Ethiopian having changed his skin color from sun-burning, and it immediately reveals the heat
grieving. For it has appointed two masters of all things for itself, the sun for its birth, and man for its growth for from the one it has come into
lest it produce apoplexy, nature has cut the skull into various sutures but it also divided the entire bone of the suture with certain small holes, t
the awns guard, so also do the hairs of the louse ward off every attack. And even if the hunt should get close to the skin, it, just as they say spong
So indeed this creature has received its natural power in all the parts of its body. Now, the other beasts, being ambushed from behind, are by nature
from every side, equality bestows youth on nature. For men, when they grow old, and especially those who are graceful and tall in body, are filled wit
He was being plotted against by those revolting within him because of the absence of the regulator and shield-bearer of health and adversary of diseas
This is clear from the fact that it is possible to live without it and be well in the other senses, but the inactivity of these begets sickness and de
shouting like a Bacchant and acclaiming the son of Zeus and Semele. And from where did this good thing come to you, he says, O blessed one? Did you
let your communion with one another not be from habit and the opinion of the many, but let its principle be knowledge, and let the wandering and disor
souls? Far from it. But the body does not work against the spermatic logos (for this reason it is formed according to what that logos wishes), but the
working for just as the most drinkable of waters and the most temperate of airs dispose bodies well and generate a similar disposition, so also the c
But let the one who fails take pride that his brother happens to be better than he. Agesilaus happened to be the first among the Lacedaemonians even b
Let us summarize, by virtue, by reason, and by ancestral goods, using these three things for the best ends, you will be left behind in no part of eter
All things are mixed. But she fails in her plan, as the hero draws his sword against her, whence she almost breathed her last for her form is changed
by reason for see how the limbs have been fitted to nature. or rather, I shall marvel at the artist even from the stone for he did not place the var
being brought up, was he not turned away? Was not the compassionate one pricked to the heart over you? For this reason he shall be un-sacrificed and u
Nothing that exists is above Olympus. and so that I might make the last things of my discourse first, heaven is indeed adorned with stars, but these a
they have been hollowed out spontaneously, he will find how he might live luxuriously. For if he should go under the shade of a tree, immediately soft
pleasing, but all things were full of all things- the first tabernacle, the mercy-seat, the veil, the temple, the side-scenes, the vestibules, the out
discerning that man is an animal, which he did not know, and whatever else belongs to this, lest I make a further example of the foolish, or of the on
Intently and from every side examining subtleties, I was investigating the extensions, the releases, the intonations, the transitions, the displacemen
he has come, nor has he arrived to gather spiritual fruits, but only for the sake of this man whom you see reading with pleasure. For just as one who
Who will relate your magadis upon the breast and the songs and warblings upon your tongue, that all-harmonious melody, the pleasure that knows no sati
and himself, but what kind the others are, I do not know. For I see a form above human nature, and a look in one way cherubic, in another leonine, in
an ineffable sympathy and in turn feels a contrary passion, as the cosmos happens to be one living being, and how Plato, having posited the elements a
I have not heard of him rising up against anyone nor boasting for the whole time, but just as they say that the very learned accuse themselves of a te
to know what sort of thing your grandfather had become in life and what command of language he had. But I shall praise you, not by bringing in falseho
to revel. But whenever your bond was loosened and you shed the swaddling clothes, you did not know what to do with yourself, looking more cheerful, sm
they judge matters by their own life, but not by the rule of truth. For since these men have hated indifference, and they live like bees arranged under a leader and having a time for advance and movement, they are meticulous about their cloak and belt, and have fixed their eyes on the spectators, and they measure their speech and are charming in their manner and change with the times like the air, and are witty of tongue and in other things urbane and graceful, if anyone is not so, they immediately condemn him for melancholy. And they seem to characterize the unseen from what is apparent, but from subtle symbols they peer into the soul; for if they are accustomed to discern the character of the soul from clothing and belt and neglected hair, they will soon think that only a small part of the inhabited world is sane, and they will assign all Scythians and Euboeans and Arabs and the two kinds of Ethiopians and the greatest part of the Greek world and almost all of the barbarian world to the suspect category. For some of these have neither frequented nor known a marketplace, but are moved by ancestral custom, yet are boorish in most things and have much that is different from our own customs; others are more rustic than is proper, differing little from sheep, and so far as it seems, they do not bleat. But they are not on this account ranked with the unintelligent, but they are deprived of civic sense, yet have a healthy soul for their duties. I pass over the barbarian world and all that is distant from us both in place and custom; but the wisest Greeks (and by Greeks I mean that venerable name, also distinguished from the opposite continent), you would not see all of them, at any rate, taking care of their cloak nor living with civic manners, but their choices of lives are different. And not all hold their tongue, nor arrange their hair, nor smell of perfumes, nor cleanse their skin with soda and soap; but indifference is their appearance, and some crop their hair close, while others let their hair go to every wind. But Diogenes? But Socrates? The one inhabited the marketplace and was displeased with all ways of life and was hated by his companions and philosophized against every state and nature. The other contradicted all arguments, was ironic toward every question, would change suddenly and stop while walking, and did not often attend common meals and festivals; and he was exiled not on a charge of folly, but for novelty of life and of repellent doctrines in Attica. Therefore, if someone has scorned the civic manner or has prepared his soul with aversion to it, he will not on this account be judged unintelligent; nor if he does not part and curl his hair, will he for this reason receive a charge of foolishness, but if he is not receptive of intelligence and prudence, if he does not pay attention to matters, even if he opposes the civic forms. For of lives, one is rustic, another civic, and another philosophical outright; and of men, some have philosophized only, disdaining the marketplace and completely scorning the body, while others have not attained this height, but have despaired of the ascent, but have cared for a civic form and have precisely observed the second principle of life, while others live according to ancestral ways, whatever they happen to be, perhaps somewhat rustic and nomadic and more foolish when compared to our own ways, but precisely resembling their own ancestral customs. But there are those in whom both the philosophical and the civic lives have come together; these are Platos and Aristotles and most of those who associated with them, except insofar as Aristotle was more of a statesman, and Plato more of a philosopher. But you who indict this man for folly, because he does not much care to be clothed in a civic manner, with what arguments will you prove the indictment to be sound? That his cloak and appearance are contrary to your custom? Is it because things are going well for you, or because they are contrary for us? For I share in the defense and I do not differ, although with those
καθ' ἑαυτοὺς βίῳ τὰ πράγματα κρίνουσιν, ἀλλ' οὐ τῷ τῆς ἀληθείας κανόνι. ἐπειδὴ γὰρ οὗτοι τὸ ἀδιάφορον ἀπεστυγή κασι, ζῶσι
δὲ κατὰ τὰς μελίσσας ὑφ' ἡγεμόνι ταττόμενοι καὶ καιρὸν ἔχον τες προόδου τε καὶ κινήσεως, σμικρολογοῦνται δὲ περί τε ἀναβολὴν
καὶ ζώνην καὶ τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς ἐς τοὺς θεατὰς συμπεπήγασι καὶ τὸν λόγον με τροῦσι τῷ τε ἤθει χαριεντίζονται καὶ πρὸς τοὺς καιροὺς
ὥσπερ ὁ ἀὴρ μεταλλάττονται εὐτράπελοί τε τὴν γλῶττάν εἰσι καὶ τἆλλα ἀστεῖοί τε καὶ χαρίεντες, ἢν μή τις οὕτως ἔχοι, μελαγχολίαν
εὐθὺς τούτου καταψηφί ζονται. καὶ δοκοῦσι μὲν ἐκ τῶν φαινομένων χαρακτηρίζειν τὰ ἄδηλα, ἀπὸ λεπτῶν δὲ συμβόλων ἐς τὴν ψυχὴν
παρακύπτουσιν· εἰ γὰρ ἐξ ἐσθῆτος καὶ περιζώματος καὶ τῆς ἠμελημένης κόμης τὸ τῆς ψυχῆς γνωματεύειν ἦθος εἰώθασι, τάχ' ἂν βραχύ
τι μέρος τῆς οἰκουμένης φρονοῦν οἰήσονται, Σκύθας δὲ πάντας καὶ Εὐβοέας Ἄραβάς τε καὶ τοὺς διττοὺς Αἰθίοπας τοῦ τε Ἑλληνικοῦ
τὸ πλεῖστον καὶ σχεδὸν ὅλον τὸ βάρβαρον τῇ ὑπόπτῳ μερίδι κατακληρώσουσι. τούτων γὰρ οἱ μὲν οὔτε πεποίηνται ἀγορὰν οὔτ' ἴσασι,
κεκίνηνται δὲ ἔθει μὲν πατρῴῳ, σεσοβημένοι δὲ τὰ πλεῖστα καὶ πολὺ τὸ παραλλάττον αὐτοῖς πρὸς τὰ ἡμέτερα ἤθη· οἱ δὲ ἀγροικότεροί
εἰσι τοῦ δέοντος, βραχύ τι τῶν προβατίων διαφέροντες καὶ ὅσον μὴ μηκάζειν δοκεῖν. ἀλλ' οὐ διὰ ταῦτα τοῖς ἀνοήτοις συγκατατάττονται,
ἀλλὰ τοῦ μὲν πολιτικοῦ φρονήματος ἀπεστέρηνται, ὑγιῆ δὲ τὴν ψυχὴν πρὸς τὰ καθή κοντα ἔχουσιν. Ἐῶ τὸ βάρβαρον καὶ ὅσον ἡμῶν
ἀπῴκισται καὶ τόπῳ καὶ ἔθει· ἀλλ' οἱ σοφώτατοι Ἕλληνες (Ἕλληνας δέ φημι τὸ σεμνὸν ὄνομα καὶ πρὸς τὴν ἀντικαθημένην διαστελλόμενον
ἤπειρον), οὗτοι γοῦν οὐκ ἂν ἴδοις ἅπαντας ἀναβολῆς ἐπιμελομένους οὐδὲ πολιτικοῖς συζῶντας ἤθεσιν, ἀλλ' αἱρέσεις τούτοις βίων
διάφοροι. καὶ οὐ πάντες τὴν γλῶτταν ἐπέχουσιν οὐδὲ τὰς τρίχας διευθετίζουσιν οὐδὲ μύρων ἀπόζουσιν οὐδὲ νίτροις καὶ ῥύμμασι
τὸν χρῶτα καθαίρουσιν· ἀλλ' ἀδιαφορία τὸ σχῆμα καὶ οἱ μὲν ἐν χρῷ κουριῶσιν, οἱ δὲ τὴν κόμην παντὶ ἀφιᾶσι πνεύματι. ἀλλ' ὁ
∆ιογένης; ἀλλ' ὁ Σωκράτης; ὁ μὲν τὴν ἀγορὰν ᾤκει καὶ βίοις ἅπασιν ἀπηρέσκετο καὶ τοῖς ὁμιληταῖς ἀπηχθάνετο καὶ πάσης κατεφιλοσόφει
ἕξεώς τε καὶ φύσεως. ὁ δὲ πᾶσι μὲν λόγοις ἀντέλεγε, πρὸς πᾶσαν δὲ ἐρώτησιν εἰρω νεύετο, ἀθρόον δὲ μετεβέβλητο καὶ προϊὼν ἵστατο,
συσσιτίοις δὲ καὶ πανηγύρεσιν οὐ πολλάκις παρεγίνετο· ἔφευγε δὲ οὐ γραφὴν ἀνοίας, και νότητος δὲ βίου καὶ ἀποτρόπων δογμάτων
τῇ Ἀττικῇ. Οὐ τοίνυν εἴ τις τοῦ πολιτικοῦ καταπεφρόνηκεν ἤθους ἢ ἀποστρόφως πρὸς τοῦτο τὴν ψυχὴν κατεσκεύασται, ἀνόητος παρὰ
τοῦτο κριθήσεται· οὐδ' εἰ μὴ διαιρεῖ τὰς τρίχας καὶ περικλᾷ, διὰ ταῦτα ἀφροσύνης αἰτίαν λήψεται, ἀλλ' εἰ μὴ δεκτικός ἐστι
νοῦ καὶ φρονήσεως, εἰ μὴ προσέχει τοῖς πράγμασι, κἂν ἐναντιῶται τοῖς πολιτικοῖς σχήμασιν. ἔστι γάρ τις τῶν βίων ὁ μὲν ἄγροικος,
ὁ δὲ πολιτικός, ὁ δὲ φιλόσοφος ἄντικρυς· καὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων οἱ μὲν πεφιλοσοφήκασι μόνον τὴν ἀγορὰν ἀτιμάσαντες καὶ τοῦ σώματος
πάντῃ καταφρονήσαντες, οἱ δὲ τούτου μὲν τοῦ ὕψους οὐ τετυχήκασιν, ἀλλὰ τὴν ἄνοδον ἀπεγνώκασι, σχήματος δὲ πολιτικοῦ πεφροντίκασι
καὶ τὸν δεύτερον τοῦ βίου λόγον ἀκριβῶς τετηρήκασιν, οἱ δὲ παρὰ τὰ πάτρια ζῶσιν, ἅπερ ἂν αὐτὰ τετυχήκασιν ὄντα, ἄγροικά πῃ
ἴσως καὶ νομαδικὰ καὶ ἀβέλτερα μὲν πρὸς τὰ ἡμεδαπὰ συγκρινόμενα, τοῖς δὲ πατρῴοις ἐκείνων προσεοικότα ἀκριβῶς ἤθεσιν. ἔστι
δὲ οἷς ὁ φιλόσοφος καὶ ὁ πολιτικὸς ἄμφω συνεληλυθέτην οἱ βίοι· Πλάτωνες οὗτοι καὶ Ἀριστοτέλεις καὶ τῶν ἐκείνοις ὁμιλησάντων
οἱ πλεῖστοι, πλὴν ὅσον ὁ μὲν Ἀριστοτέλης πολιτικώτερος, ὁ δὲ Πλάτων φιλοσοφώτερος. Ἀλλ' ὑμεῖς οἱ τοῦτον ἀνοίας γραφόμενοι,
ὅτι μὴ πάνυ φροντίζει τοῦ περιβεβλῆσθαι πολιτικῶς, τίσι λόγοις βεβαίαν τὴν γραφὴν ἀποδείξετε; ὅτι παρὰ τὸ ὑμέτερον ἦθος ἡ
ἀναβολὴ καὶ τὸ σχῆμα; πότερον ὡς ὑμῖν εὖ τῶν πραγμάτων ἐχόντων ἢ ὡς ἡμῖν ἐναντίων; κοινοῦμαι γὰρ τὴν ἀπολογίαν καὶ οὐ διαφέρομαι,
καίτοι μετὰ τῶν
