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they were forced to settle. But when war broke out between the Turks and the Pechenegs, who at that time were called Kangar, the army of the Turks was defeated and divided into two parts. And one part went towards the east and settled in the region of Persia, and to this day they are called by the ancient name of the Turks, Sabartoi asphaloi, while the other part settled in the western region, together with their voivode and chieftain, Levedias, in the places called Atelkouzou, in which places the nation of the Pechenegs now dwells. After a short time had passed, that chagan, the ruler of Khazaria, sent word to the Turks that Levedias, their first voivode, should be sent to him. So Levedias, having arrived before the chagan of Khazaria, asked the reason for which he had summoned him to come to him. And the chagan said to him: "We have summoned you for this reason, that, since you are noble and wise and brave and the first among the Turks, we might appoint you prince of your nation, and that you might be obedient to our word and command." But he, answering the chagan, said in reply: "Your regard and purpose for me I greatly approve, and I offer you fitting thanks, but since I am not strong enough for such rule, I cannot obey; but rather there is another voivode after me, called Almoutzis, who has a son named Arpad. It is better that one of these, either that Almoutzis, or his son Arpad, should be made prince, and be subject to your word." Therefore, being pleased with this speech, that chagan gave him some of his men and sent him to the Turks, and they, having discussed this matter with the Turks, the Turks preferred that Arpad become prince, rather than Almoutzis, his own father, as he was more highly esteemed and renowned for wisdom and counsel and courage and fit for such rule; and they made him prince according to the custom and law of the Khazars, raising him on a shield. Before this Arpad, the Turks had never had another prince, whence even to this day the prince of Turkey is appointed from his family. After some years the Pechenegs fell upon the Turks, and drove them out with their prince Arpad. So the Turks were routed and, seeking a land to inhabit, came and drove out those inhabiting great Moravia, and they settled in their land, in which the Turks live even to this day. And since then, the Turks have not been attacked by the Pechenegs. But to the aforementioned nation of the Turks who settled in the east in the regions of Persia, these aforesaid Turks who live in the western region send traders even to this day, and they see them, and often bring back answers from them. That the land of the Pechenegs, in which the Turks lived at that time, is called after the names of the rivers that are there. And these are the rivers: the first river called Barouch, the second river called Koubou, the third river called Troullos, the fourth river called Broutos, the fifth river called Seretos. 39 Concerning the nation of the Kabars. It should be known that those called Kabars were of the race of the Khazars. And it came to pass that a certain rebellion arose among them against their government, and when civil war ensued, their first government prevailed, and some of them were slain, but others escaped and came and settled with the Turks in the land of the Pechenegs, and they made friends with one another, and were called Kabars. Wherefore they also taught the Turks the language of the Khazars, and to this day they have the same dialect; but they also have the other language of the Turks. And because in the

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κατοικῆσαι κατηναγκάσθησαν. Ἀναμεταξὺ δὲ τῶν Τούρκων συναφθέντος πολέμου καὶ τῶν Πατζινακιτῶν, τῶν τηνικαῦτα Κάγγαρ ἐπονομαζομένων, τὸ τῶν Τούρκων φοσσᾶτον ἡττήθη καὶ εἰς δύο διῃρέθη μέρη. Καὶ τὸ μὲν ἓν μέρος πρὸς ἀνατολὴν εἰς τὸ τῆς Περσίδος μέρος κατῴκησεν, οἳ καὶ μέχρι τοῦ νῦν κατὰ τὴν τῶν Τούρκων ἀρχαίαν ἐπωνυμίαν καλοῦνται Σάβαρτοι ἄσφαλοι, τὸ δὲ ἕτερον μέρος εἰς τὸ δυτικὸν κατῴκησε μέρος ἅμα καὶ τῷ βοεβόδῳ αὐτῶν καὶ ἀρχηγῷ, Λεβεδίᾳ, εἰς τόπους τοὺς ἐπονομαζομένους Ἀτελκούζου, ἐν οἷς τόποις τὰ νῦν τὸ τῶν Πατζινακιτῶν ἔθνος κατοικεῖ. Ὀλίγου δὲ χρόνου διαδραμόντος, ὁ χαγάνος ἐκεῖνος ἄρχων Χαζαρίας τοῖς Τούρκοις ἐμήνυσεν τοῦ πρὸς αὐτὸν ἀποσταλῆναι Λεβεδία, τὸν πρῶτον αὐτῶν βοέβοδον. Ὁ Λεβεδίας τοίνυν πρὸς τὸν χαγάνον Χαζαρίας ἐναφικόμενος ἀνηρώτα τὴν αἰτίαν, δι' ἣν ἐλθεῖν πρὸς αὐτὸν αὐτὸν μετεπέμψατο. Ὁ δὲ χαγάνος εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτόν, ὅτι· "∆ιὰ τοῦτό σε προσεκαλεσάμεθα, ἵνα, ἐπειδὴ εὐγενὴς καὶ φρόνιμος καὶ ἠνδρειωμένος ὑπάρχεις καὶ πρῶτος τῶν Τούρκων, ἄρχοντά σε τοῦ ἔθνους σου προβαλώμεθα, καὶ ἵνα ὑπείκῃς τῷ λόγῳ καὶ τῇ προστάξει ἡμῶν." Ὁ δὲ ἀποκριθεὶς πρὸς τὸν χαγάνον ἀντέφησεν, ὅτι· "Τὴν περὶ ἐμέ σου σχέσιν τε καὶ προαίρεσιν μεγάλως ἐναποδέχομαι, καὶ τὴν εὐχαριστίαν ὁμολογῶ σοι προσήκουσαν, ἐπεὶ δὲ ἀδυνάτως ἔχω πρὸς τὴν τοιαύτην ἀρχήν, ὑπακοῦσαι οὐ δύναμαι, ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον ἔστιν ἕτερος ἀπ' ἐμοῦ βοέβοδος, λεγόμενος Ἀλμούτζης καὶ υἱὸν κεκτημένος ὀνόματι Ἀρπαδήν· ἐκ τούτων μᾶλλον εἴτε ἐκεῖνος ὁ Ἀλμούτζης, εἴτε ὁ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ Ἀρπαδὴς ἵνα γένηται ἄρχων, καὶ ἔστιν ὑπὸ τὸν λόγον ὑμῶν". Ἐν τούτῳ οὖν τῷ λόγῳ ἀρεσθεὶς ὁ χαγάνος ἐκεῖνος δέδωκεν ἀνθρώπους αὐτοῦ μετ' αὐτοῦ καὶ εἰς τοὺς Τούρκους ἀπέστειλεν, οἳ καὶ συλλαλήσαντες περὶ τούτου μετὰ τῶν Τούρκων, μᾶλλον οἱ Τοῦρκοι τὸν Ἀρπαδὴ γενέσθαι προέκριναν ἄρχοντα, ἤπερ Ἀλμούτζη, τὸν ἑαυτοῦ πατέρα, ὡς ἀξιολογώτερον ὄντα καὶ περισπούδαστον ἔν τε φρονήσει καὶ βουλῇ καὶ ἀνδρείᾳ καὶ ἱκανὸν πρὸς τὴν τοιαύτην ἀρχήν, ὃν καὶ ἄρχοντα κατὰ τὸ τῶν Χαζάρων ἔθος καὶ ζάκανον πεποιήκασι, σηκώσαντες αὐτὸν εἰς σκουτάριον. Πρὸ δὲ τοῦ Ἀρπαδῆ τούτου ἄρχοντα ἕτερον οἱ Τοῦρκοι οὐκ ἐκτήσαντο πώποτε, ἐξ οὗ καὶ μέχρι τῆς σήμερον ἐκ τῆς τούτου γενεᾶς ἄρχων Τουρκίας καθίσταται. Μετὰ δέ τινας χρόνους τοῖς Τούρκοις ἐπιπεσόντες οἱ Πατζινακῖται, κατεδίωξαν αὐτοὺς μετὰ τοῦ ἄρχοντος αὐτῶν Ἀρπαδῆ. Οἱ οὖν Τοῦρκοι τραπέντες καὶ πρὸς κατοίκησιν γῆν ἐπιζητοῦντες, ἐλθόντες ἀπεδίωξαν οὗτοι τοὺς τὴν μεγάλην Μοραβίαν οἰκοῦντας, καὶ εἰς τὴν γῆν αὐτῶν κατεσκήνωσαν, εἰς ἣν νῦν οἱ Τοῦρκοι μέχρι τῆς σήμερον κατοικοῦσιν. Καὶ ἔκτοτε πόλεμον οἱ Τοῦρκοι παρὰ τῶν Πατζινακιτῶν οὐκ ἐδέξαντο. Εἰς δὲ τὸ κατασκηνῶσαν τὸ προρρηθὲν ἔθνος τῶν Τούρκων πρὸς ἀνατολὴν εἰς τὰ τῆς Περσίδος μέρη μέχρι τοῦ νῦν πραγματευτὰς ἀποστέλλουσιν οὗτοι οἱ πρὸς τὸ δυτικὸν μέρος οἰκοῦν τες προρρηθέντες Τοῦρκοι, καὶ βλέπουσιν αὐτούς, καὶ ἀποκρίσεις παρὰ αὐτῶν πρὸς αὐτοὺς πολλάκις ἀποκομίζουσιν. Ὅτι ὁ τῶν Πατζινακιτῶν τόπος, ἐν ᾧ τῷ τότε καιρῷ κατῴκησαν οἱ Τοῦρκοι, καλεῖται κατὰ τὴν ἐπωνυμίαν τῶν ἐκεῖσε ὄντων ποταμῶν. Οἱ δὲ ποταμοί εἰσιν οὗτοι· ποταμὸς πρῶτος ὁ καλούμενος Βαρούχ, ποταμὸς δεύτερος ὁ καλούμενος Κουβοῦ, ποταμὸς τρίτος ὁ καλούμενος Τροῦλλος, ποταμὸς τέταρτος ὁ καλούμενος Βροῦτος, ποταμὸς πέμπτος ὁ καλούμενος Σέρετος. 39 Περὶ τοῦ ἔθνους τῶν Καβάρων. Ἰστέον, ὅτι οἱ λεγόμενοι Κάβαροι ἀπὸ τῆς τῶν Χαζάρων γενεᾶς ὑπῆρχον. Καὶ δὴ συμβάν τινα παρὰ αὐτῶν ἀποστασίαν γενέσθαι πρὸς τὴν ἀρχὴν αὐτῶν, καὶ πολέμου ἐμφυλίου καθιστάντος, ἡ πρώτη ἀρχὴ αὐτῶν ὑπερίσχυσεν, καὶ οἱ μὲν ἐξ αὐτῶν ἀπεσφάγησαν, οἱ δὲ ἐξέφυγον, καὶ ἦλθαν καὶ κατεσκήνωσαν μετὰ τῶν Τούρκων εἰς τὴν τῶν Πατζινακιτῶν γῆν, καὶ ἀλλήλοις συνεφιλιώθησαν, καὶ Κάβαροί τινες ὠνομάσθησαν. Ὅθεν καὶ τὴν τῶν Χαζάρων γλῶσσαν αὐτοῖς τοῖς Τούρκοις ἐδίδαξαν, καὶ μέχρι τοῦ νῦν τὴν αὐτὴν διάλεκτον ἔχουσιν· ἔχουσιν δὲ καὶ τὴν τῶν Τούρκων ἑτέραν γλῶσσαν. ∆ιὰ δὲ τὸ εἰς τοὺς