John Chrysostom, On John

resolving this perplexity of the many? For being ignorant, he says, of the righteousness of God, and seeking to establish their own righteousness, they did not submit to the righteousness of God. For this reason they suffered these things. And again, interpreting this same thing in another way, he says: What shall we say then? That Gentiles who did not pursue righteousness have attained to righteousness, even the righteousness that is by faith; but Israel, pursuing the law of righteousness, has not attained to the law of righteousness. Tell me, why? Because it was not by faith; for they stumbled at the stumbling stone. What he says is something like this: Their unbelief became the cause of their evils; and this 59.71 was born of arrogance. For since before this they had more than the Greeks, by having received the law and known God, and the other things which Paul mentions, after the coming of Christ they saw that through faith both they and the others were called with the same honor, and that after faith the one from the circumcision had nothing more than the one from the Gentiles; they were stung by arrogance, falling into envy, and could not bear the ineffable and surpassing love of the Master for mankind. And this came to them from nowhere else, but from pride and wickedness and hatred of mankind. 2. For what, O you most foolish of all, were you harmed by the care shown to others? How were your good things diminished by others having a share in the same things? But wickedness is truly blind, and can quickly perceive none of the things that are necessary. Being stung, therefore, by the prospect of having others share the same confidence, they thrust the sword against themselves, casting themselves out from the love of God for mankind; and very rightly so. For, Friend, he says, I am doing you no wrong; I wish to give to these also as I do to you. Rather, they are not even worthy of these words. For though that man was displeased, yet he could speak of the toils of a whole day, and hardships and heat and sweat; but what could these men say? Nothing of the sort; but sloth and profligacy, and the countless evils of which all the prophets continually accused them, on account of which they themselves, just like the Gentiles, had offended God. And Paul, making this clear, said: For there is no distinction between Jew and Greek; for all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God, being justified freely by His grace. And this entire topic he profitably and very wisely works out throughout that epistle. But further on he shows they are worthy of even greater punishment. For as many as have sinned under the law, he says, will be judged by the law; that is, more severely, having both nature and the law as their accuser. Not only in this way, but also by being the cause of God being blasphemed among the Gentiles; For My name, he says, is blasphemed among the Gentiles because of you. Since, then, this was what especially stung them; for even to the believers from the circumcision the matter seemed strange; which is why they also accused Peter when he returned to them from Caesarea, that he went in to uncircumcised men and ate with them; and after learning the economy of God, they still marveled how the gift of the Holy Spirit had been poured out even on the Gentiles, showing by their astonishment that they had never expected this strange thing; since, therefore, he knew that this especially touched them, he does everything to empty them of their pride, and to dissolve their greatly swollen arrogance. And see how he does this: Having discoursed concerning the Greeks, and shown that they have no defense from any quarter, nor hope of salvation, and having accurately accused them both of the perversion of their doctrines and of the impurity of their life, he turns the discourse to the Jews; and having enumerated all the things from the Prophet by which he said that they were some polluted and de 59.72 ceitful and treacherous, and all together had become worthless, and there is none among them who seeks God, but all have turned aside, and such things, he added: Now we know that whatever the law says, it says to those who are under the law, so that every

διαπόρησιν τῶν πολλῶν λύων ταύτην; Ἀγνοοῦντες, φησὶ, τὴν τοῦ Θεοῦ δικαιοσύνην, καὶ ζητοῦντες τὴν ἰδίαν δικαιοσύνην στῆσαι, τῇ δικαιοσύνῃ τοῦ Θεοῦ οὐχ ὑπετάγησαν. ∆ιὸ ταῦτα ἔπαθον. Καὶ πάλιν τὸ αὐτὸ τοῦτο ἑτέρως ἑρμηνεύων, φησί· Τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν; Ὅτι ἔθνη τὰ μὴ διώκοντα δικαιοσύνην, κατέλαβε δικαιοσύνην, δικαιοσύνην δὲ τὴν ἐκ πίστεως· Ἰσραὴλ δὲ διώκων νόμον δικαιοσύνης, εἰς νόμον δικαιοσύνης οὐκ ἔφθασεν. Εἰπὲ καὶ διατί; Ὅτι οὐκ ἐκ πίστεως· προσέκοψαν γὰρ τῷ λίθῳ τοῦ προσκόμματος. Ὃ δὲ λέγει, τοιοῦτόν ἐστιν· Ἀπιστία τούτων γέγονεν αὐτοῖς αἰτία τῶν κακῶν· ταύτην 59.71 δὲ ἔτεκεν ἡ ἀπόνοια. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ πρὸ τούτου πλέον ἔχοντες Ἑλλήνων, τῷ τὸν νόμον εἰληφέναι καὶ Θεὸν εἰδέναι, καὶ τὰ ἄλλα ἅπερ ὁ Παῦλός φησι μετὰ τὴν τοῦ Χριστοῦ παρουσίαν εἶδον ἀπὸ τῆς πίστεως μετὰ τῆς αὐτῆς ὁμοτιμίας καλουμένους κἀκείνους καὶ αὐτοὺς, καὶ οὐδὲν πλέον ἔχοντα τὸν ἐκ περιτομῆς τοῦ ἐξ ἐθνῶν μετὰ τὴν πίστιν· ἐδήχθησαν ὑπὸ ἀπονοίας εἰς βασκανίαν ἐλθόντες, καὶ τὴν τοῦ ∆εσπότου φιλανθρωπίαν τὴν ἄφατον καὶ ὑπερβάλλουσαν οὐκ ἤνεγκαν. Τοῦτο δὲ αὐτοῖς ἑτέρωθεν μὲν οὐδαμόθεν, ἐξ ἀλαζονείας δὲ καὶ πονηρίας καὶ μισανθρωπίας γέγονε. βʹ. Τί γὰρ, ὦ πάντων ὑμεῖς ἀνοητότεροι, κατεβλάπτεσθε ἐκ τῆς εἰς ἑτέρους γινομένης κηδεμονίας; πῶς δὲ τὰ ὑμέτερα ἠλαττοῦτο ἀγαθὰ, τῷ κοινωνοὺς ἑτέρους ἔχειν τῶν αὐτῶν; Ἀλλὰ τυφλὸν ὄντως ἡ πονηρία, καὶ τῶν δεόντων οὐδὲν δύναται συνιδεῖν ταχέως ∆ηχθέντες τοίνυν τῷ κοινωνοὺς μέλλειν ἔχειν τῆς αὐτῆς παῤῥησίας, καθ' ἑαυτῶν τὸ ξίφος ὤθησαν, τῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ φιλανθρωπίας ἐκβαλόντες ἑαυτούς· καὶ μάλα εἰκότως. Ἑταῖρε γὰρ, φησὶν, οὐκ ἀδικῶ σε· θέλω δὲ καὶ τούτοις δοῦναι ὥσπερ καὶ σοί. Μᾶλλον δὲ οὐδὲ τούτων ἄξιοι τῶν λόγων οὗτοι. Ἐκεῖνος μὲν γὰρ εἰ καὶ ἐδυσχέραινεν, ἀλλ' ὅμως ἔχων εἰπεῖν ἡμέρας ὁλοκλήρου πόνους, καὶ ταλαιπωρίας καὶ θάλπη καὶ ἱδρῶτας· οὗτοι δὲ τί ἔχοιεν ἂν εἰπεῖν; Τοιοῦτον μὲν οὐδέν· ῥᾳθυμίαν δὲ καὶ ἀσωτίαν, καὶ τὰ μυρία κακὰ, ἃ διαπαντὸς κατηγοροῦντες αὐτῶν διετέλουν οἱ προφῆται πάντες, δι' ἃ καὶ αὐτοὶ ὁμοίως τοῖς ἔθνεσι προσκεκρούκεσαν τῷ Θεῷ. Καὶ τοῦτο ὁ Παῦλος δηλῶν ἔλεγεν· Οὐ γάρ ἐστι διαστολὴ Ἰουδαίου τε καὶ Ἕλληνος· πάντες γὰρ ἥμαρτον, καὶ ὑστεροῦνται τῆς δόξης τοῦ Θεοῦ, δικαιούμενοι δωρεὰν τῇ αὐτοῦ χάριτι. Καὶ τοῦτο μὲν ἅπαν τὸ κεφάλαιον χρησίμως καὶ σφόδρα συνετῶς κατ' ἐκείνην γυμνάζει τὴν ἐπιστολήν. Ἀνωτέρω δὲ καὶ μείζονος δείκνυσι κολάσεως ἀξίους εἶναι. Ὅσοι γὰρ ἐν νόμῳ ἥμαρτον, διὰ νόμου κριθήσονται, φησί· τουτέστι, χαλεπώτερον, μετὰ τῆς φύσεως καὶ τὸν νόμον κατήγορον ἔχοντες. Οὐ ταύτῃ δὲ μόνον, ἀλλὰ τῷ παρὰ τοῖς ἔθνεσι τοῦ τὸν Θεὸν βλασφημεῖσθαι γεγενῆσθαι αἴτιοι· Τὸ γὰρ ὄνομά μου, φησὶ, δι' ὑμᾶς βλασφημεῖται ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν. Ἐπεὶ οὖν τοῦτο μάλιστα ἦν τὸ δάκνον αὐτούς· καὶ γὰρ καὶ τοῖς πεπιστευκόσιν ἐκ περιτομῆς παράδοξον τὸ πρᾶγμα εἶναι ἐδόκει· διὸ καὶ ἐνεκάλουν τῷ Πέτρῳ πρὸς αὐτοὺς ἀπὸ Καισαρείας ἐπανελθόντι, ὅτι πρὸς ἄνδρας ἀκροβυστίαν ἔχοντας εἰσῆλθε, καὶ συνέφαγεν αὐτοῖς· καὶ μετὰ τὸ μαθεῖν τὴν οἰκονομίαν τὴν τοῦ Θεοῦ, πάλιν καὶ οὕτως ἐθαύμαζον, πῶς καὶ εἰς τὰ ἔθνη ἡ δωρεὰ τοῦ ἁγίου Πνεύματος ἐκκέχυται, τῷ ἐκπλήττεσθαι ἐνδεικνύμενοι, ὡς οὐκ ἄν ποτε τοῦτο προσεδόκησαν τὸ παράδοξον· ἐπεὶ οὖν ᾔδει ὅτι μάλιστα αὐτῶν τοῦτο καθήπτετο, πάντα ποιεῖ ὅπως αὐτῶν τὸν τῦφον κενώσῃ, καὶ τὴν ἀλαζονείαν ἐκλύσῃ σφόδρα οἰδοῦσαν. Καὶ ὅρα πῶς τοῦτο ποιεῖ· ∆ιαλεχθεὶς περὶ τῶν Ἑλληνικῶν, καὶ δείξας αὐτοὺς οὐδεμίαν ἔχοντας οὐδαμόθεν ἀπολογίαν, οὐδὲ ἐλπίδα σωτηρίας, κατηγορήσας τε ἀκριβῶς καὶ τῆς τῶν δογμάτων αὐτῶν διαστροφῆς, καὶ τῆς περὶ τὸν βίον ἀκαθαρσίας, μετατίθησιν ἐπὶ τοὺς Ἰουδαίους τὸν λόγον· καὶ τὰ ἀπὸ τοῦ Προφήτου καταλέξας ἅπαντα δι' ὧν ἔλεγεν ἐκεῖνος, ὅτι μιαροί τινες ἦσαν καὶ δο 59.72 λεροὶ καὶ ὕπουλοι, καὶ πάντες ἅμα ἠχρειώθησαν, καὶ οὐδεὶς ἐν αὐτοῖς ἐκζητεῖ τὸν Θεὸν, ἀλλ' ἐξέκλιναν πάντες, καὶ ὅσα τοιαῦτα, ἐπήγαγεν· Οἴδαμεν δὲ ὅτι ὅσα ὁ νόμος λέγει, τοῖς ἐν τῷ νόμῳ λαλεῖ, ἵνα πᾶν