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lifting up the children who were hanging from the morsels of bread, they would dash them to the 3.6.8 ground. But to those who anticipated their rush and swallowed what was about to be seized, they were more savage, as if they had been wronged; and they devised dreadful methods of torture for the discovery of food, stopping up the passages of the unfortunate men's private parts with vetch, and piercing their posteriors with sharp rods; and a man would suffer things dreadful even to hear, to confess to one loaf of bread, and to reveal a single handful of hidden 3.6.9 barley-meal. And the tormentors were not even hungry—for their cruelty would have been less if it had been from necessity—but they were exercising their madness and providing for themselves provisions for the days to 3.6.10 follow. And meeting those who had crept out by night to the Roman guards to collect wild vegetables and herbs, when they already thought they had escaped the enemy, they would snatch away what they brought; and though they often besought them and called upon the most awful name of God to give them some part of what they had brought at such risk, they gave them nothing at all; and it was a mercy not to be killed as well as robbed.” 3.6.11 To this, after other things, he adds, saying: “For the Jews, with the exits cut off, all hope of safety was cut off, and the famine, deepening itself, fed upon the people house by house and family by family; and the roofs were full of women and 3.6.12 infants who had perished, and the narrow streets of the corpses of old men; and boys and young men, swollen like phantoms, wandered in the marketplaces and fell down wherever the affliction seized them. To bury their kinsfolk, the sick had not the strength, and the able-bodied hesitated because of the multitude of the dead and the uncertainty of their own fate; for many died upon those they were burying, and many went to their tombs before their fate befell 3.6.13 them. There was neither wailing nor lamentation in these calamities, but famine controlled the passions; and with dry eyes, those who were slow to die looked upon those who had gone to their rest before them. A deep 3.6.14 silence and a night full of death enveloped the city. And worse than these were the robbers. For, breaking into the houses as into tombs, they plundered the dead, and tearing off the coverings from their bodies, they went out with laughter; and they would test the points of their swords on the corpses, and they would run through some of those who lay on the ground still living, to test the steel; but those who besought them to lend them their hand and their sword, they contemptuously left to the famine; and each one of those expiring gazed steadfastly towards the temple, leaving the seditious still 3.6.15 alive. And they at first commanded the dead to be buried at public expense, as they could not bear the stench; then, as they were not sufficient, they threw them from the walls into the ravines. And Titus, going around these, when he saw them filled with the dead, and the deep gore flowing from the decaying bodies, groaned and, raising his hands, called God to witness that this was not his work.” 3.6.16 After adding some things in between to this, he adds, saying: “I should not hesitate to say what my feelings bid me; I think that if the Romans had delayed against these sinners, the city would have been swallowed up by a chasm, or overwhelmed by a flood, or would have shared in the thunderbolts of Sodom; for it bore a generation far more godless than those who suffered these things. For by their madness the whole people perished with them.” 3.6.17 And in the sixth book he writes thus: “Of those who were perishing from famine throughout the city, the multitude that fell was countless, and the sufferings that occurred were indescribable. For in every house, if a shadow of food anywhere appeared, there was war, and the dearest friends came to blows with one another, snatching away the miserable provisions for life; there was no belief in want even for the dying, but the robbers searched even those who were breathing their last, lest anyone, having food under his cloak, should be feigning his own death. 3.6.18 And they, gaping from want, like maddened dogs, staggered and reeled, and bursting into the doors like drunken men, and in their helplessness the same houses

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συνεπαίροντες τὰ παιδία τῶν ψωμῶν ἐκκρεμάμενα κατέσειον εἰς 3.6.8 ἔδαφος. τοῖς δὲ φθάσασι τὴν εἰσδρομὴν αὐτῶν καὶ προκαταπιοῦσιν τὸ ἁρπαγησόμενον ὡς ἀδικηθέντες ἦσαν ὠμότεροι, δεινὰς δὲ βασάνων ὁδοὺς ἐπενόουν πρὸς ἔρευναν τροφῆς, ὀρόβοις μὲν ἐμφράττοντες τοῖς ἀθλίοις τοὺς τῶν αἰδοίων πόρους, ῥάβδοις δ' ὀξείαις ἀναπείροντες τὰς ἕδρας· τὰ φρικτὰ δὲ καὶ ἀκοαῖς ἔπασχέ τις εἰς ἐξομολόγησιν ἑνὸς ἄρτου καὶ ἵνα μηνύσῃ δράκα μίαν 3.6.9 κεκρυμμένων ἀλφίτων. οἱ βασανισταὶ δ' οὐδ' ἐπείνων καὶ γὰρ ἧττον ἂν ὠμὸν ἦν τὸ μετὰ ἀνάγκης, γυμνάζοντες δὲ τὴν ἀπόνοιαν καὶ προπαρασκευάζοντες ἑαυτοῖς εἰς τὰς ἑξῆς ἡμέρας 3.6.10 ἐφόδια. τοῖς δ' ἐπὶ τὴν Ῥωμαίων φρουρὰν νύκτωρ ἐξερπύσασιν ἐπὶ λαχάνων συλλογὴν ἀγρίων καὶ πόας ὑπαντῶντες, ὅτ' ἤδη διαπεφευγέναι τοὺς πολεμίους ἐδόκουν, ἀφήρπαζον τὰ κομισθέντα, καὶ πολλάκις ἱκετευόντων καὶ τὸ φρικτότατον ἐπικαλουμένων ὄνομα τοῦ θεοῦ μεταδοῦναί τι μέρος αὐτοῖς ὧν κινδυνεύσαντες ἤνεγκαν, οὐδ' ὁτιοῦν μετέδοσαν, ἀγαπητὸν δ' ἦν τὸ μὴ καὶ προσαπολέσθαι σεσυλημένον». 3.6.11 τούτοις μεθ' ἕτερα ἐπιφέρει λέγων· «Ἰουδαίοις δὲ μετὰ τῶν ἐξόδων ἀπεκόπη πᾶσα σωτηρίας ἐλπίς, καὶ βαθύνας ἑαυτὸν ὁ λιμὸς κατ' οἴκους καὶ γενεὰς τὸν δῆμον ἐπεβόσκετο, καὶ τὰ μὲν τέγη πεπλήρωτο γυναικῶν καὶ 3.6.12 βρεφῶν λελυμένων, οἱ στενωποὶ δὲ γερόντων νεκρῶν, παῖδες δὲ καὶ νεανίαι διοιδοῦντες ὥσπερ εἴδωλα κατὰ τὰς ἀγορὰς ἀνειλοῦντο καὶ κατέπιπτον ὅπῃ τινὰ τὸ πάθος καταλαμβάνοι. θάπτειν δὲ τοὺς προσήκοντας οὔτε ἴσχυον οἱ κάμνοντες καὶ τὸ διευτονοῦν ὤκνει διά τε τὸ πλῆθος τῶν νεκρῶν καὶ τὸ κατὰ σφᾶς ἄδηλον· πολλοὶ γοῦν τοῖς ὑπ' αὐτῶν θαπτομένοις ἐπαπέθνῃσκον, πολλοὶ δ' ἐπὶ τὰς θήκας, πρὶν ἐπιστῆναι τὸ χρεών, 3.6.13 προῆλθον. οὔτε δὲ θρῆνος ἐν ταῖς συμφοραῖς οὔτε ὀλοφυρμὸς ἦν, ἀλλ' ὁ λιμὸς ἤλεγχε τὰ πάθη, ξηροῖς δὲ τοῖς ὄμμασιν οἱ δυσθανατοῦντες ἐθεώρουν τοὺς φθάσαντας ἀναπαύσασθαι, βαθεῖα 3.6.14 δὲ τὴν πόλιν περιεῖχεν σιγὴ καὶ νὺξ θανάτου γέμουσα. καὶ τούτων οἱ λῃσταὶ χαλεπώτεροι. τυμβωρυχοῦντες γοῦν τὰς οἰκίας, ἐσύλων τοὺς νεκρούς, καὶ τὰ καλύμματα τῶν σωμάτων περισπῶντες, μετὰ γέλωτος ἐξῄεσαν, τάς τε ἀκμὰς τῶν ξιφῶν ἐδοκίμαζον ἐν τοῖς πτώμασιν, καί τινας τῶν ἐρριμμένων ἔτι ζῶντας διήλαυνον ἐπὶ πείρᾳ τοῦ σιδήρου, τοὺς δ' ἱκετεύοντας. χρῆσαι σφίσιν δεξιὰν καὶ ξίφος, τῷ λιμῷ κατέλιπον ὑπερηφα νοῦντες, καὶ τῶν ἐκπνεόντων ἕκαστος ἀτενὲς εἰς τὸν ναὸν ἀφεώρα, 3.6.15 τοὺς στασιαστὰς ζῶντας ἀπολιπών. οἳ δὲ τὸ μὲν πρῶτον ἐκ τοῦ δημοσίου θησαυροῦ τοὺς νεκροὺς θάπτειν ἐκέλευον, τὴν ὀσμὴν οὐ φέροντες· ἔπειθ' ὡς οὐ διήρκουν, ἀπὸ τῶν τειχῶν ἐρρίπτουν εἰς τὰς φάραγγας. περιιὼν δὲ ταύτας ὁ Τίτος ὡς ἐθεάσατο πεπλησμένας τῶν νεκρῶν καὶ βαθὺν ἰχῶρα μυδώντων τὸν ὑπορρέοντα τῶν σωμάτων, ἐστέναξέν τε καὶ τὰς χεῖρας ἀνατείνας κατεμαρτύρατο τὸν θεόν, ὡς οὐκ εἴη τὸ ἔργον αὐτοῦ». 3.6.16 τούτοις ἐπειπών τινα μεταξὺ ἐπιφέρει λέγων· «οὐκ ἂν ὑποστειλαίμην εἰπεῖν ἅ μοι κελεύει τὸ πάθος· οἶμαι Ῥωμαίων βραδυνάντων ἐπὶ τοὺς ἀλιτηρίους, ἢ καταποθῆναι ἂν ὑπὸ χάσματος ἢ κατακλυσθῆναι τὴν πόλιν ἢ τοὺς τῆς Σοδομηνῆς μεταλαβεῖν κεραυνούς· πολὺ γὰρ τῶν ταῦτα παθόντων ἤνεγκεν γενεὰν ἀθεωτέραν· τῇ γοῦν τούτων ἀπονοίᾳ πᾶς ὁ λαὸς συναπώλετο». 3.6.17 καὶ ἐν τῷ ἕκτῳ δὲ βιβλίῳ οὕτως γράφει· «τῶν δ' ὑπὸ τοῦ λιμοῦ φθειρομένων κατὰ τὴν πόλιν ἄπειρον μὲν ἔπιπτε τὸ πλῆθος, ἀδιήγητα δὲ συνέβαινεν τὰ πάθη. καθ' ἑκάστην γὰρ οἰκίαν, εἴ που τροφῆς παραφανείη σκιά, πόλεμος ἦν, καὶ διὰ χειρῶν ἐχώρουν οἱ φίλτατοι πρὸς ἀλλήλους, ἐξαρπάζοντες τὰ ταλαίπωρα τῆς ψυχῆς ἐφόδια, πίστις δ' ἀπορίας οὐδὲ τοῖς θνῄσκουσιν ἦν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς ἐμπνέοντας οἱ λῃσταὶ διη3.6.18 ρεύνων, μή τις ὑπὸ κόλπον ἔχων τροφήν, σκήπτοιτο τὸν θάνατον αὐτῷ. οἳ δ' ὑπ' ἐνδείας κεχηνότες ὥσπερ λυσσῶντες κύνες ἐσφάλλοντο καὶ παρεφέροντο ταῖς τε θύραις ἐνσειόμενοι μεθυόντων τρόπον καὶ ὑπ' ἀμηχανίας τοὺς αὐτοὺς οἴκους