Athanasius of Alexandria, On the Incarnation of the Word

Or who among those recorded in Scripture was pierced in the hands and feet, or hung at all upon a tree, and was sacrificed on a cross for the salvation of all? For Abraham died, ending his life on a bed; Isaac and Jacob also died with their feet raised on a bed; Moses and Aaron died on the mountain; David in his house, without being the object of any conspiracy at the hands of the people; true, he was pursued by Saul, but he was preserved unhurt. Esaias was sawn asunder, but not hung on a tree. Jeremy was shamefully treated, but did not die under condemnation; Ezechie suffered, not however for the people, but to indicate what was to come upon the people. 2. Again, these, even where they suffered, were men resembling all in their common nature; but he that is declared in Scripture to suffer on behalf of all is called not merely man, but the Life of all, albeit He was in fact like men in nature. For “ye shall108 Cf. 35. 2, and 34. 3. see,” it says, “your Life hanging before your eyes;” and “who shall declare his generation?” For one can ascertain the genealogy of all the saints, and declare it from the beginning, and of whom each was born; but the generation of Him that is the Life the Scriptures refer to as not to be declared. 3. Who then is he of whom the Divine Scriptures say this? Or who is so great that even the prophets predict of him such great things? None else, now, is found in the Scriptures but the common Saviour of all, the Word of God, our Lord Jesus Christ. For He it is that proceeded from a virgin and appeared as man on the earth, and whose generation after the flesh cannot be declared. For there is none that can tell His father after the flesh, His body not being of a man, but of a virgin alone; 4. so that no one can declare the corporal generation of the Saviour from a man, in the same way as one can draw up a genealogy of David and of Moses and of all the patriarchs. For He it is that caused the star also to mark the birth of His body; since it was fit that the Word, coming down from heaven, should have His constellation also from heaven, and it was fitting that the King of Creation when He came forth should be openly recognized by all creation. 5. Why, He was born in Judæa, and men from Persia came to worship Him. He it is that even before His appearing in the body won the victory over His demon adversaries and a triumph over idolatry. All heathen at any rate from every region, abjuring their hereditary tradition and the impiety of idols, are now placing their hope in Christ, and enrolling themselves under Him, the like of which you may see with your own eyes. 6. For at no other time has the impiety of the Egyptians ceased, save when the Lord of all, riding as it were upon a cloud, came down there in the body and brought to nought the delusion of idols, and brought over all to Himself, and through Himself to the Father. 7. He it is that was crucified before the sun and all creation as witnesses, and before those who put Him to death: and by His death has salvation come to all, and all creation been ransomed. He is the Life of all, and He it is that as a sheep yielded His body to death as a substitute, for the salvation of all, even though the Jews believe it not.

Τίς δὲ τῶν ἐν τῇ γραφῇ μαρτυρουμένων διωρύχθη τὰς χεῖρας καὶ τοὺς πόδας, ἢ ὅλως ἐπὶ ξύλου κεκρέμασται, καὶ σταυρῷ τετελείωται ὑπὲρ τῆς πάντων σωτηρίας; Ἀβραὰμ μὲν γὰρ ἐπὶ κλίνης ἐκλείπων ἀπέθανεν· Ἰσαὰκ δὲ καὶ Ἰακὼβ καὶ αὐτοὶ ἐξάραντες τοὺς πόδας ἐπὶ κλίνης ἀπέθανον. Μωϋσῆς καὶ Ἀαρὼν ἐν τῷ ὄρει, ∆αβὶδ ἐν τῷ οἴκῳ τετελεύτηκεν, οὐδεμίαν ἐπιβουλὴν ὑπὸ τῶν λαῶν παθών. Εἰ δὲ καὶ ἐζητήθη ὑπὸ τοῦ Σαούλ, ἀλλὰ ἀβλαβὴς ἐσῴζετο. Ἡσαΐας ἐπρίσθη μέν, ἀλλ' οὐκ ἐπὶ ξύλου κε κρέμασται· Ἱερεμίας ὑβρίσθη, ἀλλ' οὐ κατακριθεὶς ἀπέθανεν· Ἰεζεκιὴλ ἔπασχεν, ἀλλ' οὐχ ὑπὲρ τοῦ λαοῦ, ἀλλὰ τὰ ἐσόμενα κατὰ τοῦ λαοῦ σημαίνων. Ἔπειτα οὗτοι, καὶ πάσχοντες, ἄνθρωποι ἦσαν, ὁποῖοι καὶ πάντες κατὰ τὴν τῆς φύσεως ὁμοιότητα· ὁ δὲ σημαινόμενος ἐκ τῶν γραφῶν ὑπὲρ πάντων πάσχειν, οὐκ ἁπλῶς ἄνθρωπος, ἀλλὰ ζωὴ πάντων λέγεται, κἂν ὅμοιος κατὰ τὴν φύσιν τοῖς ἀνθρώποις. “Ὄψεσθε γάρ, φησί, τὴν ζωὴν ὑμῶν κρεμαμένην ἀπέναντι τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν ὑμῶν”, καὶ· “Τὴν γενεὰν αὐτοῦ τίς διηγήσεται;” Πάντων μὲν γὰρ τῶν ἁγίων τὴν γενεάν τις δύναται μαθὼν ἄνωθεν διηγήσασθαι τίς καὶ πόθεν ἕκαστος γέγονε· τοῦ δὲ τυγχάνοντος ζωῆς ἀδιήγητον τὴν γενεὰν οἱ θεῖοι σημαίνουσι λόγοι. Τίς οὖν ἐστι, περὶ οὗ ταῦτα λέγουσιν αἱ θεῖαι γραφαί; ἢ τίς τηλικοῦτος, ὡς καὶ τοὺς προφήτας περὶ αὐτοῦ τοσαῦτα προκαταγγέλλειν; Ἀλλὰ γὰρ οὐδεὶς ἄλλος ἐν ταῖς γραφαῖς εὑρίσκεται, πλὴν τοῦ κοινοῦ πάντων Σωτῆρος τοῦ Θεοῦ Λόγου τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ. Οὗτος γάρ ἐστιν ὁ ἐκ παρθένου προελθὼν καὶ ἄνθρωπος ἐπὶ γῆς φανεὶς καὶ ἀδιήγητον ἔχων τὴν κατὰ σάρκα γενεάν. Οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ὃς δύναται τὸν κατὰ σάρκα πατέρα τούτου λέγειν, οὐκ ὄντος τοῦ σώματος αὐτοῦ ἐξ ἀνδρὸς ἀλλ' ἐκ παρθένου μόνης. Ὥσπερ οὖν τοῦ ∆αβὶδ καὶ Μωϋσέως καὶ πάντων τῶν πατριαρχῶν τοὺς πατέρας τις γενεαλογεῖν δύναται, οὕτως οὐδεὶς δύναται τὴν κατὰ σάρκα γενεὰν τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἐξ ἀνδρὸς διηγήσασθαι. Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ καὶ τὸν ἀστέρα σημαίνειν τὴν τοῦ σώματος γένεσιν ποιήσας. Ἔδει γὰρ ἀπ' οὐρανοῦ κατερχόμενον τὸν Λόγον, ἐξ οὐρανοῦ καὶ τὴν σημασίαν ἔχειν· καὶ ἔδει τὸν τῆς κτίσεως βασιλέα προερ χόμενον, ἐμφανῶς ὑπὸ πάσης τῆς οἰκουμένης γινώσκεσθαι. Ἀμέλει ἐν Ἰουδαίᾳ ἐγεννᾶτο, καὶ οἱ ἀπὸ Περσίδος ἤρχοντο προσκυνῆσαι αὐτῷ. Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ καὶ πρὶν τῆς σωματικῆς ἐπιφανείας λαβὼν τὴν κατὰ τῶν ἀντικειμένων δαιμόνων νίκην, καὶ κατὰ τῆς εἰδωλολατρίας τρόπαια. Πάντες γοῦν πανταχόθεν οἱ ἀπὸ τῶν ἐθνῶν, ἐξομνύμενοι τὴν πάτριον συνήθειαν καὶ τὴν εἰδώλων ἀθεότητα, πρὸς τὸν Χριστὸν λοιπὸν τὴν ἐλπίδα τίθενται, καὶ αὐτῷ καταγράφουσιν ἑαυτούς, ὡς καὶ τοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς ἔξεστιν ἰδεῖν τὸ τοιοῦτον. Οὐδὲ γὰρ ἄλλοτε ἡ τῶν Αἰγυπτίων ἀθεότης πέπαυται, εἰ μὴ ὅτε ὁ Κύριος τοῦ παντός, ὡς ἐπὶ νεφέλης ἐποχούμενος, τῷ σώματι κατῆλθεν ἐκεῖ, καὶ τὴν τῶν εἰδώλων κατήργησε πλάνην, πάντας δὲ εἰς ἑαυτὸν καὶ δι' ἑαυτοῦ πρὸς τὸν Πατέρα μετήνεγκεν. Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ σταυρωθεὶς ἐπὶ μάρτυρι τῷ ἡλίῳ καὶ τῇ κτίσει καὶ τοῖς αὐτῷ τὸν θάνατον προσαγαγοῦσι· καὶ τῷ τούτου θανάτῳ ἡ σωτηρία πᾶσι γέγονε, καὶ ἡ κτίσις πᾶσα λελύτρωται. Οὗτός ἐστιν ἡ πάντων ζωή, καὶ ὁ ὡς πρόβατον ὑπὲρ τῆς πάντων σωτηρίας ἀντίψυχον τὸ ἑαυτοῦ σῶμα εἰς θάνατον παραδούς, κἂν Ἰουδαῖοι μὴ πιστεύωσιν.