John Chrysostom, On Priesthood

they call a layman one who is unskilled in the subtleties of secular rhetoric, but also one who does not know how to fight for the dogmas of the truth; and they think rightly. But Paul did not say he was a layman in both respects, but in one only; and to secure this point, he has made the distinction precisely, saying he was a layman in speech, but not in knowledge. Now if I were demanding the smoothness of Isocrates, and the grandeur of Demosthenes, and the dignity of Thucydides, and the sublimity of Plato, it would be necessary to bring forward this testimony of Paul; but as it is, I dismiss all those things and the elaborate embellishment of secular writers, and I care nothing for phrasing or delivery. But let a man be poor in his diction, and the composition of his words simple and artless, only let him not be a layman in knowledge and in the accuracy of the dogmas; nor, in order to cover up his own laziness, let him rob that blessed man of the greatest of his good qualities and the chief point of his praises.

4.7 7. That he became illustrious not from signs only, but also from speaking. For whence, tell me, did he confound the Jews dwelling in Damascus, not yet having begun to perform signs? whence did he wrestle down the Hellenists? and why was he sent away to Tarsus? Was it not because he completely conquered them in argument, and pressed them so hard that they were even provoked to murder, being unable to bear their defeat? For here he had not yet begun to work miracles, nor could anyone say that the multitude held him in admiration because of his reputation for wonders, and that those who contended with him were put at a disadvantage by the man's reputation; for up to that time he prevailed by speaking alone. And with what did he contend and dispute against those who tried to Judaize in Antioch? And that Areopagite, a man of that most superstitious city, did he not follow him with his wife as a result of a public speech alone? And how did Eutychus fall from the window? Was it not because he prolonged the discourse of his teaching until late at night? And what of in Thessalonica and in Corinth? And what of in Ephesus and in Rome itself? Did he not spend whole days and nights in succession on the exposition of the Scriptures? What might one say of his discussions with the Epicureans and Stoics? For if we wished to recount everything, the discourse would extend to a great length. When, therefore, both before the signs and in the midst of them, he is seen to have made great use of discourse, how will they still dare to call him a layman, a man who was especially admired by all for his disputing and public speaking? For why did the Lycaonians suppose him to be Hermes? For that they were thought to be gods came from the signs, but that this one was thought to be Hermes, was no longer from those, but from his speech. And in what did this blessed man have the advantage over the other apostles? and how is it that throughout the whole world he is so much in the mouths of all? how is it that he is admired most of all, not only among us, but also among Jews and Greeks? Is it not from the excellence of his epistles, through which he has benefited and will benefit not only the faithful of that time, but also those who have lived from that time until today and those who are yet to be until the coming of Christ? And he will not cease doing this as long as the race of men endures. For just as a wall constructed of adamant, so his writings fortify the Churches everywhere in the world; and like some most noble champion he stands even now in our midst, bringing every thought into captivity to the obedience of Christ and "casting down reasonings and every high thing that is exalted against the knowledge of God." And all these things he accomplishes through those wonderful epistles which he has left us, filled with divine wisdom. And his writings are serviceable to us not only for the overthrow of spurious dogmas and the security of genuine ones, but also for

τῶν ἔξωθεν λόγων τερθρείαν ἰδιώτην καλοῦσιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸν οὐκ εἰδότα μάχεσθαι ὑπὲρ τῶν τῆς ἀληθείας δογμάτων· καὶ καλῶς νομίζουσιν. Ὁ δὲ Παῦλος οὐκ ἐν ἀμφοτέροις ἔφησεν ἰδιώτης εἶναι, ἀλλ' ἐν θατέρῳ μόνον· καὶ τοῦτο ἀσφαλιζόμενος τὸν διορισμὸν ἀκριβῶς πεποίηται, λέγων τῷ λόγῳ ἰδιώτης εἶναι, ἀλλ' οὐ τῇ γνώσει. Ἐγὼ δὲ εἰ μὲν τὴν λειότητα Ἰσοκράτους ἀπῄτουν καὶ τὸν ∆ημοσθένους ὄγκον καὶ τὴν Θουκυδίδου σεμνότητα καὶ τὸ Πλάτωνος ὕψος, ἔδει φέρειν εἰς μέσον ταύτην τοῦ Παύλου τὴν μαρτυρίαν· νῦν δὲ ἐκεῖνα μὲν πάντα ἀφίημι καὶ τὸν περίεργον τῶν ἔξωθεν καλλωπισμὸν καὶ οὐδέν μοι φράσεως, οὐδὲ ἀπαγγελίας μέλει. Ἀλλ' ἐξέστω καὶ τῇ λέξει πτωχεύειν καὶ τὴν συνθήκην τῶν ὀνομάτων ἁπλῆν τινα εἶναι καὶ ἀφελῆ, μόνον μὴ τῇ γνώσει τις καὶ τῇ τῶν δογμάτων ἀκριβείᾳ ἰδιώτης ἔστω· μηδ' ἵνα τὴν οἰκείαν ἀργίαν ἐπικαλύψῃ, τὸν μακάριον ἐκεῖνον ἀφαιρείσθω τὸ μέγιστον τῶν ἀγαθῶν καὶ τὸ τῶν ἐγκωμίων κεφάλαιον.

4.7 ζʹ. Ὅτι οὐκ ἀπὸ τῶν σημείων μόνον λαμπρὸς ἐγένετο, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ λέγειν Πόθεν γάρ, εἰπέ μοι, τοὺς Ἰουδαίους συνέχεε τοὺς ἐν ∆αμάσκῳ κατοικοῦντας, οὐδέπω τῶν σημείων ἀρξάμενος; πόθεν τοὺς Ἑλληνιστὰς κατεπάλαισε; διὰ τί δὲ εἰς Ταρσὸν ἐξεπέμπετο; οὐκ ἐπειδὴ κατὰ κράτος ἐνίκα τῷ λόγῳ καὶ εἰς τοσοῦτον αὐτοὺς ἤλαυνεν ὡς καὶ εἰς φόνον παροξυνθῆναι, μὴ φέροντας τὴν ἧτταν; Ἐνταῦθα γὰρ οὐδέπω τοῦ θαυματουργεῖν ἤρξατο, οὐδ' ἂν ἔχοι τις εἰπεῖν ὅτι ἀπὸ τῆς περὶ τὰ τεράστια δόξης θαυμαστὸν αὐτὸν ἦγον οἱ πολλοὶ καὶ οἱ μαχόμενοι πρὸς αὐτὸν ἀπὸ τῆς ὑπολήψεως ἐπηρεάζοντο τοῦ ἀνδρός· τέως γὰρ ἀπὸ τοῦ λέγειν μόνον ἐκράτει. Πρὸς δὲ τοὺς ἰουδαΐζειν ἐπιχειροῦντας ἐν Ἀντιοχείᾳ πόθεν ἠγωνίζετο καὶ συνεζήτει; ὁ δὲ Ἀρεοπαγίτης ἐκεῖνος, ὁ τῆς δεισιδαιμονεστάτης πόλεως ἐκείνης, οὐκ ἀπὸ δημηγορίας μόνης ἠκολούθησεν αὐτῷ μετὰ τῆς γυναικός; ὁ δὲ Εὔτυχος πῶς κατέπεσεν ἀπὸ τῆς θυρίδος; οὐκ ἐπειδὴ μέχρι βαθείας νυκτὸς εἰς τὸν τῆς διδασκαλίας αὐτοῦ ἀπησχόλει λόγον; τί δὲ ἐν Θεσσαλονίκῃ καὶ ἐν Κορίνθῳ; τί δὲ ἐν Ἐφέσῳ καὶ ἐν αὐτῇ τῇ Ῥώμῃ; οὐχ ὅλας ἡμέρας καὶ νύκτας ἀνήλισκεν ἐφεξῆς εἰς τὴν ἐξήγησιν τῶν Γραφῶν; τί ἄν τις λέγοι τὰς πρὸς τοὺς Ἐπικουρείους διαλέξεις καὶ Στωϊκούς; Εἰ γὰρ ἅπαντα θέλοιμεν καταλέγειν, εἰς μακρὸν ἐκπεσεῖται μῆκος ὁ λόγος. Ὅταν οὖν καὶ πρὸ τῶν σημείων καὶ ἐν μέσοις αὐτοῖς φαίνηται πολλῷ κεχρημένος τῷ λόγῳ, πῶς ἔτι τολμήσουσιν ἰδιώτην εἰπεῖν τὸν καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ διαλέγεσθαι καὶ δημηγορεῖν μάλιστα θαυμασθέντα παρὰ πᾶσι; ∆ιὰ τί γὰρ Λυκάονες αὐτὸν ὑπέλαβον εἶναι Ἑρμῆν; Τὸ μὲν γὰρ θεοὺς αὐτοὺς νομισθῆναι ἀπὸ τῶν σημείων ἐγένετο, τὸ δὲ τοῦτον Ἑρμῆν, οὐκέτι ἀπ' ἐκείνων, ἀλλ' ἀπὸ τοῦ λόγου. Τίνι δὲ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἀποστόλων ἐπλεονέκτησεν ὁ μακάριος οὗτος; καὶ πόθεν ἀνὰ τὴν οἰκουμένην ἅπασαν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς ἁπάντων ἐστὶ στόμασιν; πόθεν οὐ παρ' ἡμῖν μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ παρὰ Ἰουδαίοις καὶ Ἕλλησι μάλιστα πάντων θαυμάζεται; οὐκ ἀπὸ τῆς τῶν ἐπιστολῶν ἀρετῆς δι' ἧς οὐ τοὺς τότε μόνον πιστούς, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς ἐξ ἐκείνου μέχρι τῆς σήμερον γενομένους καὶ τοὺς μέλλοντας δὲ ἔσεσθαι μέχρι τῆς τοῦ Χριστοῦ παρουσίας ὠφέλησέ τε καὶ ὠφελήσει; καὶ οὐ παύσεται τοῦτο ποιῶν ἕως ἂν τὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων διαμένῃ γένος. Ὥσπερ γὰρ τεῖχος ἐξ ἀδάμαντος κατασκευασθέν, οὕτω τὰς πανταχοῦ τῆς οἰκουμένης Ἐκκλησίας τὰ τούτου τειχίζει γράμματα· καὶ καθάπερ τις ἀριστεὺς γενναιότατος ἕστηκε καὶ νῦν μέσος, αἰχμαλωτίζων πᾶν νόημα εἰς τὴν ὑπακοὴν τοῦ Χριστοῦ καὶ «καθαιρῶν λογισμοὺς καὶ πᾶν ὕψωμα ἐπαιρόμενον κατὰ τῆς γνώσεως τοῦ Θεοῦ.» Ταῦτα δὲ πάντα ἐργάζεται δι' ὧν ἡμῖν κατέλιπεν ἐπιστολῶν τῶν θαυμασίων ἐκείνων καὶ τῆς θείας πεπληρωμένων σοφίας. Οὐ πρὸς δογμάτων δὲ μόνον νόθων τε ἀνατροπὴν καὶ γνησίων ἀσφάλειαν ἐπιτήδεια ἡμῖν αὐτοῦ τὰ γράμματα, ἀλλὰ καὶ πρὸς