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of spring, and of summer, and of autumn; which the ordered movement of the luminaries allows us to pass through in an orderly manner. For winter comes when the sun lingers in the southern parts, and produces a great nocturnal shadow around our region; so that the air around the earth is chilled, and all the moist exhalations gathering about us provide the cause of rains and frosts and untold snow. But when, returning again from the southern regions, it reaches the middle, so as to divide the time equally between night and day, the more it lingers in the places above the earth, the more it gradually brings back the temperate climate. And spring comes, the source of germination for all plants, providing revival for most trees, and for all land and water animals, preserving their kind through the succession of offspring. Thence the sun, driving on towards the summer solstice to the very north, establishes for us the longest of days. And because it consorts with the air for the longest time, it both scorches the air above our head and parches the entire earth, thereby helping the seeds towards ripeness, and hastening the fruits of the trees towards maturity; at which time the sun is also at its most fiery, making the shadows at midday short, because it illuminates our region from on high. For the longest days are those in which the shadows are shortest, and again the shortest days are those having the longest shadows. And this is for us who are called heteroscian, we who inhabit the northern parts of the earth; since there are indeed some who for two days of the entire year become completely shadowless at midday, upon whose heads the sun shines, illuminating them equally from all sides, so that even the water of deep wells is lit up through narrow openings; whence some also call them ascian. But those beyond the spice-bearing land shift their shadows to both sides. For they alone in our inhabited world cast their shadows to the south at midday; whence some also named them amphiscians. All these things happen when the sun has already passed towards the northern part. From these things it is possible to conjecture the burning produced in the air by the solar ray, how great it is, and of what kind of effects it is productive. From there, the season of autumn, succeeding us, breaks the excess of the stifling heat, and by gradually letting up the heat, through the moderation of its temperament, it brings us harmlessly through itself to winter; clearly as the sun turns back again from the northern parts toward the south. These revolutions of the seasons, following the movements of the sun, order our life. And let them be, it says, also for days; not so as to make days, but so as to rule the days. For day and night are older than the creation of the luminaries. For this the psalm also shows us, saying: He appointed the sun to rule the day, the moon and stars to rule the night. How then does the sun have rule of the day? Because, carrying the light in itself, whenever it rises above our horizon, it provides the day, having dispersed the darkness. So that one would not err in defining day as the air illuminated by the sun; or, day to be the measure of time in which the sun lingers in the hemisphere above the earth. But the sun and moon were also appointed for years. The moon, when it has completed its course twelve times, is productive of a year; except that it often requires an intercalary month for the precise concurrence of the seasons, as the Hebrews of old kept the year and the most ancient of the Greeks. A solar year is the return of the sun from the same point to the same point according to its own motion. 6.9 And God made the two great luminaries. Since 'great' has an absolute meaning; as, great is the heaven, and great is the earth, and

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ἔαρος, καὶ θέρους, καὶ μετοπώρου· ἃς εὐτάκτως περιοδεύειν ἡμᾶς τὸ τεταγμένον τῆς κινήσεως τῶν φωστήρων παρέχει. Χειμὼν μὲν γὰρ γίνεται, τοῖς νοτίοις μέρεσι τοῦ ἡλίου προσδιατρίβοντος, καὶ πολὺ τὸ νυκτερινὸν σκίασμα περὶ τὸν καθ' ἡμᾶς τόπον ἀποτελοῦντος· ὥστε καταψύχεσθαι μὲν τὸν περὶ γῆν ἀέρα, πάσας δὲ τὰς ὑγρὰς ἀναθυμιάσεις συνισταμένας περὶ ἡμᾶς, ὄμβρων τε αἰτίαν καὶ κρυμῶν καὶ νιφάδος ἀμυθήτου παρέχειν. Ἐπειδὰν δὲ ἐπανιὼν πάλιν ἀπὸ τῶν μεσημβρινῶν χωρίων ἐπὶ τοῦ μέσου γένηται, ὥστε ἐξίσου μερίζειν νυκτὶ πρὸς ἡμέραν τὸν χρόνον, ὅσῳ πλεῖον τοῖς ὑπὲρ γῆς προσδιατρίβει τόποις, τοσούτῳ κατὰ μέρος ἐπανάγει τὴν εὐκρασίαν. Καὶ γίνεται ἔαρ, πᾶσι μὲν φυτοῖς τῆς βλαστήσεως ἀρχηγὸν, δένδρων δὲ τοῖς πλείστοις παρέχον τὴν ἀναβίωσιν, ζῴοις δὲ χερσαίοις καὶ ἐνύδροις ἅπασι τὸ γένος φυλάσσον ἐκ τῆς τῶν ἐπιγινομένων διαδοχῆς. Ἐκεῖθεν δὲ ἤδη πρὸς θερινὰς τροπὰς ἐπ' αὐτὴν τὴν ἄρκτον ἀπελαύνων ὁ ἥλιος, τὰς μεγίστας ἡμῖν τῶν ἡμερῶν περιίστησι. Καὶ διὰ τὸ ἐπὶ πλεῖστον προσομιλεῖν τῷ ἀέρι, αὐτόν τε καταφρύσσει τὸν ὑπὲρ κεφαλῆς ἡμῶν ἀέρα, καὶ τὴν γῆν πᾶσαν καταξηραίνει, τοῖς τε σπέρμασιν ἐκ τούτου συνεργῶν πρὸς τὴν ἅδρησιν, καὶ τοὺς τῶν δένδρων καρποὺς κατεπείγων ἐπὶ τὴν πέψιν· ὅτε καὶ φλογωδέστατός ἐστιν ἑαυτοῦ ὁ ἥλιος, βραχείας ποιῶν τὰς σκιὰς ἐπὶ τῆς μεσημβρίας, διὰ τὸ ἀφ' ὑψηλοῦ τὸν περὶ ἡμᾶς καταλάμπειν τόπον. Μέγισται γάρ εἰσιν ἡμερῶν, ἐν αἷς βραχύταταί εἰσιν αἱ σκιαὶ, καὶ βραχύταται πάλιν ἡμέραι, αἱ τὰς σκιὰς ἔχουσαι μακροτάτας. Καὶ τοῦτο παρ' ἡμῖν τοῖς ἑτεροσκίοις λεγομένοις ὅσοι τὰ ἀρκτῷα τῆς γῆς ἐποικοῦμεν· ἐπεὶ εἰσί γε ἤδη τινὲς οἱ κατὰ δύο ἡμέρας τοῦ παντὸς ἐνιαυτοῦ καὶ ἄσκιοι παντελῶς κατὰ τὴν μεσημβρίαν γινόμενοι, οὓς κατὰ κορυφῆς ἐπιλάμπων ὁ ἥλιος, ἐξίσου πανταχόθεν περιφωτίζει, ὥστε καὶ τῶν ἐν βάθει φρεάτων τὸ ὕδωρ διὰ στομίων στενῶν καταλάμπεσθαι· ὅθεν αὐτούς τινες καὶ ἀσκίους καλοῦσιν. Οἱ δὲ ἐπέκεινα τῆς ἀρωμα τοφόρου ἐπ' ἀμφότερα τὰς σκιὰς παραλλάσσουσιν. Μόνοι γὰρ ἐν τῇ καθ' ἡμᾶς οἰκουμένῃ ἐπὶ τὰ νότια κατὰ τὴν μεσημβρίαν τὰς σκιὰς ἀποπέμπουσιν· ὅθεν αὐτούς τινες καὶ ἀμφισκίους ὠνόμασαν. Ταῦτα δὲ πάντα πρὸς τὸ βόρειον μέρος παροδεύσαντος ἤδη γίνεται τοῦ ἡλίου. Ἐκ δὲ τούτων εἰκάζειν ἐστὶ τὴν ἐκ τῆς ἡλιακῆς ἀκτῖνος ἐγγινομένην πύρωσιν τῷ ἀέρι, ὅση τίς ἐστι, καὶ ποταπῶν ἀποτελεστικὴ συμπτωμάτων. Ἐντεῦθεν διαδεξαμένη ἡμᾶς τοῦ μετοπώρου ἡ ὥρα, ὑποθραύει μὲν τοῦ πνίγους τὸ ὑπερβάλλον, κατὰ μικρὸν δὲ ὑφιεῖσα τῆς θέρμης, διὰ τῆς κατὰ τὴν κρᾶσιν μεσότη τος ἀβλαβῶς ἡμᾶς δι' ἑαυτῆς τῷ χειμῶνι προσάγει· δηλονότι τοῦ ἡλίου πάλιν ἀπὸ τῶν προσαρκτίων ἐπὶ τὰ νότια ὑποστρέφοντος. Αὗται τῶν ὡρῶν αἱ περιτροπαὶ, ταῖς κινήσεσιν ἑπόμεναι τοῦ ἡλίου, τὸν βίον ἡμῖν οἰκονομοῦσιν. Ἔστωσαν δὲ, φησὶ, καὶ εἰς ἡμέρας· οὐχ ὥστε ἡμέρας ποιεῖν, ἀλλ' ὥστε κατάρχειν τῶν ἡμερῶν. Ἡμέρα γὰρ καὶ νὺξ πρεσβύτερα τῆς τῶν φωστήρων γενέσεως. Τοῦτο γὰρ ἐνδείκνυται ἡμῖν καὶ ὁ ψαλμὸς λέγων· Ἔθετο ἥλιον εἰς ἐξουσίαν τῆς ἡμέρας, σελήνην καὶ ἀστέρας εἰς ἐξουσίαν τῆς νυκτός. Πῶς οὖν ἔχει τὴν ἐξουσίαν τῆς ἡμέρας ὁ ἥλιος; Ὅτι τὸ φῶς ἐν ἑαυτῷ περιφέρων, ἐπειδάν ποτε τὸν καθ' ἡμᾶς ὁρίζοντα ὑπεράρῃ, ἡμέραν παρέχει διαλύσας τὸ σκότος. Ὥστε οὐκ ἄν τις ἁμάρτοι, ἡμέραν ὁρισάμενος εἶναι τὸν ὑπὸ τοῦ ἡλίου πεφωτισμένον ἀέρα· ἢ, ἡμέραν εἶναι χρόνου μέτρον ἐν ᾧ ἐν τῷ ὑπὲρ γῆν ἡμισφαιρίῳ ὁ ἥλιος διατρίβει. Ἀλλὰ καὶ εἰς ἐνιαυτοὺς ἐτάχθησαν ἥλιος καὶ σελήνη. Σελήνη μὲν ἐπειδὰν δωδεκάκις τὸν ἑαυτῆς ἐκτελέσῃ δρόμον, ἐνιαυτοῦ ἐστι ποιητική· πλὴν ὅτι μηνὸς ἐμβολίμου δεῖται πολλάκις πρὸς τὴν ἀκριβῆ τῶν ὡρῶν συνδρομήν, ὡς Ἑβραῖοι τὸ παλαιὸν τὸν ἐνιαυτὸν ἦγον καὶ τῶν Ἑλλήνων οἱ ἀρχαιότατοι. Ἡλιακὸς δέ ἐστιν ἐνιαυτὸς ἡ ἀπὸ τοῦ αὐτοῦ σημείου ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτὸ σημεῖον κατὰ τὴν οἰκείαν κίνησιν τοῦ ἡλίου ἀποκα τάστασις. 6.9 Καὶ ἐποίησεν ὁ Θεὸς τοὺς δύο φωστῆρας τοὺς μεγάλους. Ἐπειδὴ τὸ μέγα τὸ μὲν ἀπόλυτον ἔχει τὴν ἔννοιαν· ὡς μέγας ὁ οὐρανὸς, καὶ μεγάλη ἡ γῆ, καὶ