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which he often does, so naming the entire Old [Testament]. For it is written that Abraham had two sons, one by a slave girl and one by a free woman. Again he goes back to Abraham, not repeating himself, but because the glory of the patriarch among the Jews was great, he shows that from there the types took their beginning, and present things were prefigured in him. And having first shown that they are sons of Abraham, since the sons of the patriarch were not of the same worth, but one was from the slave and the other from the free woman, he then shows that not only are they sons, but sons in the same way as the free and well-born. So great is the power of faith. But the one from the slave girl was born according to the flesh; the one from the free woman, by promise. What is 'according to the flesh'? Since he said that faith unites us to Abraham, and it seemed incredible to his hearers that he should call those who were not descended from him, his sons, he shows that this paradox has existed from the beginning. For Isaac, not being born according to the sequence of nature, nor according to the law of marriage, nor according to the power of the flesh, 61.662 was both a son and a legitimate one, born from dead bodies, and from that womb. For neither the flesh nor the seed brought about the conception or the birth; for the womb was dead, both because of age and because of barrenness, but the word of God formed him. But it was not so in the case of the slave; he was born by the bonds of nature, and by the custom of marriage. And yet, the one not born according to the flesh was more honored than the one born according to the flesh. Therefore, do not let being born not according to the flesh disturb you; for on this account you are most of all his kinsmen, because you were not born according to the flesh. For this 'according to the flesh' does not make one more honorable, but even less honorable; for the birth not according to the flesh is more wonderful and more spiritual; and this is clear from those born from above. For Ishmael was born according to the flesh, but he was a slave, and not only this, but he was also cast out of his father's house; but Isaac, born according to promise, being a son and free, was lord of all. Which things are an allegory. He has called the type an allegory, using the word improperly. What he says is this: This history not only signifies what appears, but also proclaims certain other things; which is why it has been called an allegory. And what did it proclaim? Nothing other than all present things. For these are the two covenants, he says, one from Mount Sinai, which bears children for slavery; she is Hagar. These; who? The mothers of those children, Sarah and Hagar. What are the two covenants? Two laws. But since the names of women were in the history, he remained with the appellation of their gender, and from the names shows the great correspondence. And how from the names? For Hagar is Mount Sinai in Arabia, he says. The slave girl was called Hagar; and Mount Sinai is so translated in their local language.

4. So that all who are born of the Old [Covenant] must necessarily be slaves. For that mountain, where the Old Covenant was given, being of the same name as the slave girl, also includes Jerusalem; for this is what it means: 'She corresponds to the present Jerusalem.' That is, she is a neighbor to, she touches upon. For she is in slavery with her children. What then follows from this? That not only was she a slave, and bore slaves, but this too, that is, the Covenant, of which the slave girl is a type. For Jerusalem lies near the mountain that has the same name as the slave girl; and on this mountain the Covenant was also given. Where then is the type of Sarah? But the Jerusalem above is free. Therefore, those born of her are not slaves. Hagar was a type of the Jerusalem below, and this is clear from the mountain so named, but of the one above, the Church. But yet he is not content with the types, but also adds Isaiah

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ὅπερ πολλάκις ποιεῖ, τὴν Παλαιὰν ἅπασαν οὕτως ὀνομάζων. Γέγραπται γὰρ, ὅτι Ἀβραὰμ δύο υἱοὺς ἔσχεν, ἕνα ἐκ τῆς παιδίσκης, καὶ ἕνα ἐκ τῆς ἐλευθέρας. Πάλιν ἐπὶ τὸν Ἀβραὰμ ἄνεισιν, οὐ ταυτολογῶν, ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ πολλὴ τοῦ πατριάρχου παρὰ τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις ἡ δόξα ἦν, δείκνυσιν ὅτι ἐκεῖθεν οἱ τύποι τὴν ἀρχὴν ἔλαβον, καὶ τὰ παρόντα ἐν αὐτῷ προεζωγραφεῖτο. Καὶ πρῶτον δείξας υἱοὺς ὄντας τοῦ Ἀβραὰμ, ἐπειδὴ οὐ τῆς αὐτῆς ἀξίας ἦσαν οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ πατριάρχου, ἀλλ' ὁ μὲν ἐκ τῆς δούλης, ὁ δὲ ἐκ τῆς ἐλευθέρας, δείκνυσι λοιπὸν, ὅτι οὐ μόνον υἱοὶ, ἀλλὰ καὶ οὕτως υἱοὶ, ὡς ὁ ἐλεύθερος καὶ εὐγενής. Τοσαύτη τῆς πίστεως ἡ δύναμις. Ἀλλ' ὁ μὲν ἐκ τῆς παιδίσκης κατὰ σάρκα γεγέννηται· ὁ δὲ ἐκ τῆς ἐλευθέρας κατ' ἐπαγγελίαν. Τί ἐστι, Κατὰ σάρκα; Ἐπειδὴ ἔλεγεν, ὅτι ἡ πίστις ἡμᾶς συνάπτει τῷ Ἀβραὰμ, καὶ ἐδόκει τοῖς ἀκούουσιν ἀπίθανον εἶναι, εἰ τοὺς μὴ γενομένους ἐξ ἐκείνου, τούτους φησὶν υἱοὺς εἶναι ἐκείνου, δείκνυσιν ὅτι τὸ παράδοξον τοῦτο ἄνωθεν γέγονεν. Ὁ γὰρ Ἰσαὰκ οὐ κατὰ φύσεως ἀκολουθίαν, οὐδὲ κατὰ γάμων νόμον, οὐδὲ κατὰ σαρκὸς δύναμιν γενό 61.662 μενος, καὶ υἱὸς καὶ γνήσιος ἦν, ἀπὸ νεκρῶν σωμάτων φὺς, καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς μήτρας ἐκείνης. Οὐ γὰρ ἡ σὰρξ τὴν κύησιν, οὐδὲ τὸ σπέρμα τὸν τόκον εἰργάσαντο· νεκρὰ γὰρ ἡ μήτρα, καὶ διὰ τὴν ἡλικίαν καὶ διὰ τὴν πήρωσιν, ἀλλ' ὁ τοῦ Θεοῦ λόγος αὐτὸν ἔπλασεν. Ἐπὶ δὲ τοῦ δούλου οὐχ οὕτως, ἀλλ' ἐκεῖνος τοῖς τῆς φύσεως δεσμοῖς, καὶ τῇ τοῦ γάμου συνηθείᾳ τίκτεται. Ἀλλ' ὅμως ὁ μὴ κατὰ σάρκα τοῦ κατὰ σάρκα γεννηθέντος τιμιώτερος ἦν. Μὴ θορυβείτω τοίνυν ὑμᾶς τὸ μὴ κατὰ σάρκα γεγεννῆσθαι· διὰ γὰρ τοῦτο μάλιστα αὐτοῦ συγγενεῖς ὑμεῖς, ὅτι οὐ κατὰ σάρκα ἐγεννήθητε. Οὐ γὰρ τιμιωτέρους τοῦτο τὸ κατὰ σάρκα, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀτιμοτέρους ἐργάζεται· θαυμαστότερος γὰρ ὁ τόκος ὁ μὴ κατὰ σάρκα καὶ πνευματικώτερος· καὶ δῆλον ἐκ τῶν ἄνωθεν τεχθέντων. Ἐτέχθη γὰρ κατὰ σάρκα ὁ Ἰσμαὴλ, ἀλλὰ δοῦλος ἦν, καὶ οὐ τοῦτο μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐξεβάλλετο τῆς πατρῴας οἰκίας· ὁ δὲ κατ' ἐπαγγελίαν τεχθεὶς ὁ Ἰσαὰκ, ἅτε υἱὸς ὢν καὶ ἐλεύθερος, κύριος ἦν πάντων. Ἅτινά ἐστιν ἀλληγορούμενα. Καταχρηστικῶς τὸν τύπον ἀλληγορίαν ἐκάλεσεν. Ὃ δὲ λέγει, τοῦτό ἐστιν· Ἡ μὲν ἱστορία αὕτη οὐ τοῦτο μόνον παραδηλοῖ, ὅπερ φαίνεται, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἄλλα τινὰ ἀναγορεύει· διὸ καὶ ἀλληγορία κέκληται. Τί δὲ ἀνηγόρευσεν; Οὐδὲν ἕτερον, ἢ τὰ παρόντα πάντα. Αὗται γάρ εἰσιν αἱ δύο διαθῆκαι, φησὶ, μία μὲν ἀπὸ ὄρους Σινᾶ εἰς δουλείαν γεννῶσα, ἥτις ἐστὶν Ἄγαρ. Αὗται· τίνες; Τῶν παιδίων ἐκείνων αἱ μητέρες, ἡ Σάῤῥα καὶ ἡ Ἄγαρ. Τί εἰσι δύο ∆ιαθῆκαι; ∆ύο νόμοι. Ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ γυναικῶν ὀνόματα ἦν ἐν τῇ ἱστορίᾳ, ἐνέμεινεν ἐν τῇ προσηγορίᾳ τοῦ γένους, καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν ὀνομάτων πολλὴν δεικνὺς τὴν ἀκολουθίαν. Πῶς δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν ὀνομάτων; Τὸ γὰρ Ἄγαρ Σινᾶ ὄρος ἐστὶ, φησὶν, ἐν τῇ Ἀραβίᾳ. Ἄγαρ ἐλέγετο ἡ δούλη· τὸ δὲ Σινᾶ ὄρος οὕτω μεθερμηνεύεται τῇ ἐπιχωρίῳ αὐτῶν γλώττῃ.

δʹ. Ὥστε τοὺς ἐκ τῆς Παλαιᾶς τικτομένους πάντας ἀνάγκη δούλους εἶναι. Τὸ γὰρ ὄρος ἐκεῖνο, ἔνθα ἡ Παλαιὰ ∆ιαθήκη ἐδόθη, ὁμώνυμον ὂν τῇ δούλῃ παραλαμβάνει καὶ τὴν Ἱερουσαλήμ· τοῦτο γάρ ἐστι· Συστοιχεῖ δὲ τῇ νῦν Ἱερουσαλήμ. Τουτέστι, γειτνιάζει, ἅπτεται. ∆ουλεύει δὲ μετὰ τῶν τέκνων αὐτῆς. Τί οὖν ἀπὸ τούτου; Ὅτι οὐ μόνον ἐκείνη δούλη ἦν, καὶ δούλους ἔτικτεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ αὕτη, τουτέστιν, ἡ ∆ιαθήκη, ἧς τύπος ἡ δούλη. Καὶ γὰρ ἡ Ἱερουσαλὴμ ἐκ γειτόνων κεῖται τῷ ὄρει τῷ ὁμωνύμῳ τῇ δούλῃ· ἐν τούτῳ δὲ τῷ ὄρει καὶ ἡ ∆ιαθήκη δέδοται. Ποῦ οὖν καὶ τῆς Σάῤῥας ὁ τύπος; Ἡ δὲ ἄνω Ἱερουσαλὴμ ἐλευθέρα ἐστίν. Οὐκοῦν καὶ οἱ ἐξ αὐτῆς τικτόμενοι οὐ δοῦλοι. Τῆς μὲν Ἱερουσαλὴμ τῆς κάτω τύπος ἦν Ἄγαρ, καὶ δῆλον ἐκ τοῦ ὄρους τοῦ οὕτω καλουμένου, τῆς δὲ ἄνω ἡ Ἐκκλησία. Ἀλλ' ὅμως οὐκ ἀρκεῖται τοῖς τύποις, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸν Ἡσαΐαν προστίθησι