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and morning winds and dews in the clear air flow around the earth. But how could it have been able to illuminate in one instant of time the entire earth, being so great, if it did not send forth its light from a great circle? Observe here for me the wisdom of the artisan, how He gave it a heat commensurate with this distance. For its fiery nature is such as neither to burn up the earth by excess, nor to leave it frozen and barren through deficiency. Let what concerns the moon also be understood in a way kindred to what has been said. For its body is also great, and indeed the brightest after the sun. However, its magnitude does not always remain visible; but now it appears complete in its circle, and now waning and diminishing, showing its deficiency on one side of itself. For by one part it is shadowed as it waxes, and another part of it is hidden at the time of its waning. And there is some ineffable reason of the wise Creator for this varied change of its shapes. Either it is to provide us a clear example of our own nature; that nothing of human affairs is permanent, but some things proceed from non-being to perfection, while others, having reached their own prime and grown to their highest measure, again waste away and are destroyed by gradual subtractions, and being diminished are brought down. So that from the spectacle of the moon we may be taught about our own affairs, and receiving the idea of the swift vicissitude of human things, not to think highly of the prosperities of life, not to exult in powers, not to be lifted up by the uncertainty of wealth, to disdain the flesh around which is change, but to care for the soul whose good is immovable. But if the moon grieves you by exhausting its light with gradual subtractions; let a soul that has acquired virtue grieve you more, and through inattention makes its beauty disappear, and never remains in the same disposition, but is frequently turned and changed because of the instability of its judgment. For in reality, according to what has been said, *The foolish man is changed like the moon*. And I think that for the constitution of animals, and for the other things that grow from the earth, the contribution from the moon's change is not small. For bodies are disposed one way when it is diminishing, and another way when it is waxing; now becoming porous and empty as it wanes, now being filled up again themselves as it waxes and hastens towards its fullness; because it secretly sends in a certain moisture mixed with warmth, which reaches to the depth. And those who sleep under the moon show this, being filled in the cavities of their heads with excess moisture; and the freshly slaughtered parts of meats quickly turning at the exposure to the moon; and the brains of animals; and the moistest parts of sea creatures; and the piths of trees. All of which it would not have been sufficient to transform along with its own alteration, if it were not something preternatural and excelling in power, according to the testimony of Scripture. 6.11 And the conditions of the air are also arranged together with its changes, as the frequent sudden disturbances out of a calm and stillness around the new moon bear witness to us, with clouds being agitated and colliding with one another, and the reverse currents around the straits, and the ebb tide in the so-called ocean, which the inhabitants have found to follow the periods of the moon in an ordered way. For the straits flow back and forth in both directions according to the other phases of the moon; but at the time of its birth they are not still for even the briefest moment, but are in a continual swell and oscillation, until it appears again and provides a certain sequence to the reverse current. And the western sea undergoes the ebb tides, now receding, and again flooding, as if drawn back by the exhalations of the moon, and again by its inhalations pushed forward to its proper measure. These things have been said by me for the proof of the magnitude of the luminaries, and to establish that not even to a syllable is anything idle of the

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καὶ ἄνεμοι ἑωθινοὶ καὶ δρόσοι ἐν αἰθρίᾳ τὴν γῆν περιρρέουσι. Τοσαύτην δὲ οὖσαν τὴν γῆν πῶς ἂν ἠδυνήθη ἐν μιᾷ καιροῦ ῥοπῇ τὴν πᾶσαν καταφωτίζειν, εἰ μὴ ἀπὸ μεγάλου τοῦ κύκλου τὴν αὐγὴν ἐπηφίει; Ἐνταῦθά μοι τὴν σοφίαν τοῦ τεχνίτου κατάμαθε, πῶς τῷ διαστήματι τούτῳ σύμμετρον ἔδωκεν αὐτῷ τὴν θερμότητα. Τοσοῦτον γάρ ἐστιν αὐτοῦ τὸ πυρῶδες, ὡς μήτε δι' ὑπερβολὴν καταφλέξαι τὴν γῆν, μήτε διὰ τὴν ἔλλειψιν κατεψυγμένην αὐτὴν καὶ ἄγονον ἀπολιπεῖν. Ἀδελφὰ δὲ τοῖς εἰρημένοις καὶ τὰ περὶ τῆς σελήνης νοείσθω. Μέγα γὰρ καὶ τὸ ταύτης σῶμα, καὶ φανότατόν γε μετὰ τὸν ἥλιον. Οὐκ ἀεὶ μέντοι ὁρατὸν αὐτῆς διαμένει τὸ μέγεθος· ἀλλὰ νῦν μὲν ἀπηρτισμένη τῷ κύκλῳ, νῦν δὲ ἐλλείπουσα καὶ μειουμένη φαίνεται, καθ' ἕτερον ἑαυτῆς μέρος προ δεικνῦσα τὸ λεῖπον. Ἄλλῳ μὲν γὰρ μέρει σκιάζεται αὐξομένη, ἄλλο δὲ μέρος αὐτῆς ἐν τῷ καιρῷ τῆς λήξεως ἀποκρύπτεται. Λόγος δέ τις ἄρρητος τοῦ σοφοῦ δημιουργοῦ τῆς ποικίλης ταύτης ἐναλλαγῆς τῶν σχημάτων. Ἢ γὰρ ὥστε ἡμῖν ὑπόδειγμα ἐναργὲς παρέχειν τῆς ἡμετέρας φύσεως· ὅτι οὐδὲν μόνιμον τῶν ἀνθρωπίνων, ἀλλὰ τὰ μὲν ἐκ τοῦ μὴ ὄντος πρόεισιν εἰς τὸ τέλειον, τὰ δὲ πρὸς τὴν οἰκείαν ἀκμὴν φθάσαντα καὶ τὸ ἀκρότατον μέτρον ἑαυτῶν αὐξηθέντα, πάλιν ταῖς κατὰ μικρὸν ὑφαιρέσεσι φθίνει τε καὶ διόλλυται, καὶ μειούμενα καθαιρεῖται. Ὥστε ἐκ τοῦ κατὰ τὴν σελήνην θεάματος παιδεύεσθαι ἡμᾶς τὰ ἡμέτερα, καὶ τῆς ταχείας τῶν ἀνθρωπίνων περιτροπῆς λαμβάνοντας ἔννοιαν, μὴ μέγα φρονεῖν ταῖς εὐημερίαις τοῦ βίου, μὴ ἐπαγάλλεσθαι δυναστείαις, μὴ ἐπαίρεσθαι πλούτου ἀδηλότητι, περιφρονεῖν τῆς σαρκὸς περὶ ἣν ἡ ἀλλοίωσις, ἐπιμελεῖσθαι δὲ τῆς ψυχῆς ἧς τὸ ἀγαθόν ἐστιν ἀκίνητον. Εἰ δὲ λυπεῖ σε ἡ σελήνη ταῖς κατὰ μικρὸν ὑφαιρέσεσι τὸ φέγγος ἐξαναλίσ κουσα· λυπείτω σε πλέον ψυχὴ ἀρετὴν κτησαμένη, καὶ διὰ ἀπροσεξίας τὸ καλὸν ἀφανίζουσα, καὶ μηδέποτε ἐπὶ τῆς αὐτῆς διαθέσεως μένουσα, ἀλλὰ πυκνὰ τρεπομένη καὶ μεταβαλλομένη διὰ τὸ τῆς γνώμης ἀνίδρυτον. Τῷ ὄντι γὰρ, κατὰ τὸ εἰρημένον, Ὁ ἄφρων ὡς σελήνη ἀλλοιοῦται. Οἶμαι δὲ καὶ τῇ τῶν ζῴων κατασκευῇ, καὶ τοῖς λοιποῖς τοῖς ἀπὸ γῆς φυομένοις, μὴ μικρὰν ὑπάρχειν ἐκ τῆς κατὰ τὴν σελήνην μεταβολῆς τὴν συντέλειαν. Ἄλλως γὰρ διατίθεται μειουμένης αὐτῆς, καὶ ἄλλως αὐξομένης τὰ σώματα· νῦν μὲν ληγούσης ἀραιὰ γιγνόμενα καὶ κενὰ, νῦν δὲ αὐξομένης καὶ πρὸς τὸ πλῆρες ἐπειγομένης καὶ αὐτὰ πάλιν ἀναπληρούμενα· διότι ὑγρότητά τινα θερμότητι κεκραμένην ἐπὶ τὸ βάθος φθάνουσαν λεληθότως ἐνίησι. ∆ηλοῦσι δὲ οἱ καθεύδοντες ὑπὸ σελήνην, ὑγρότητος περισσῆς τὰς τῆς κεφαλῆς εὐρυχωρίας πληρού μενοι· καὶ τὰ νεοσφαγῆ τῶν κρεῶν ταχὺ τρεπόμενα τῇ προσβολῇ τῆς σελήνης· καὶ ζῴων ἐγκέφαλοι· καὶ τῶν θαλαττίων τὰ ὑγρότατα· καὶ αἱ τῶν δένδρων ἐντεριῶναι. Ἃ πάντα οὐκ ἂν ἐξήρκεσε τῇ ἑαυτῆς ἀλλοιώσει συμμεθιστᾶν, εἰ μὴ ὑπερφυές τι ἦν καὶ ὑπερέχον δυνάμει κατὰ τὴν τῆς Γραφῆς μαρτυρίαν. 6.11 Καὶ τὰ περὶ τὸν ἀέρα δὲ πάθη ταῖς μεταβολαῖς ταύτης συνδιατίθεται, ὡς μαρτυροῦσιν ἡμῖν αἵ τε κατὰ τὴν νουμηνίαν πολλάκις ἀπὸ γαλήνης καὶ νηνεμίας αἰφνίδιοι ταραχαὶ, νεφῶν κλονουμένων καὶ συμπιπτόντων ἀλλήλοις, καὶ αἱ περὶ τοὺς εὐρίπους παλίρροιαι, καὶ ἡ περὶ τὸν λεγόμενον ὠκεανὸν ἄμπωτις, ἣν ταῖς περιόδοις τῆς σελήνης τεταγμένως ἑπομένην ἐξεῦρον οἱ προσοικοῦντες. Οἱ μὲν γὰρ εὔριποι μεταρρέουσιν ἐφ' ἑκάτερα κατὰ τὰ λοιπὰ σχήματα τῆς σελήνης· ἐν δὲ τῷ καιρῷ τῆς γενέσεως οὐδὲ τὸ βραχύτατον ἀτρεμοῦσιν, ἀλλ' ἐν σάλῳ καὶ ταλαντώσει διηνεκεῖ καθεστήκασιν, ἕως ἂν ἐκφανεῖσα πάλιν, ἀκολουθίαν τινὰ τῇ παλιρροίᾳ παράσχηται. Ἡ δὲ ἑσπερία θάλασσα τὰς ἀμπώτεις ὑφίσταται, νῦν μὲν ὑπονοστοῦσα, πάλιν δὲ ἐπικλύζουσα, ὥσπερ ἀναπνοαῖς τῆς σελήνης ὑφελκομένη πρὸς τὸ ὀπίσω, καὶ πάλιν ταῖς ἀπ' αὐτῆς ἐμπνοίαις, εἰς τὸ οἰκεῖον μέτρον προωθουμένη. Ταῦτά μοι εἴρηται πρὸς ἀπόδειξιν τοῦ κατὰ τοὺς φωστῆρας μεγέθους, καὶ σύστασιν τοῦ μηδὲ μέχρι συλλαβῆς ἀργόν τι εἶναι τῶν