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having composed a discourse, has also done so against others, who themselves also attempted to slander the ancestral customs of the Jewish 3.9.5 nation. In the first of these he sets forth the number of the so-called old canonical Scriptures, which are the undisputed ones among the Hebrews, teaching as it were from ancient tradition in his own words as follows: 3.10.1 'Therefore there are not myriads of books among us, discordant and conflicting, but only twenty-two books, containing the record of all time, which are justly believed to be divine. 3.10.2 And of these, five are of Moses, which contain both the laws and the tradition of the origin of mankind up to his death; 3.10.3 this period is a little short of three thousand years; and from the death of Moses until Artaxerxes, the king of the Persians after Xerxes, the prophets after Moses wrote down the things done in their times in thirteen books; the remaining four contain hymns to God and for men 3.10.4 precepts for life. From Artaxerxes until 3.10.4 our time each event has been recorded, but they are not deemed worthy of equal credit with those before them, because the exact succession of the 3.10.5 prophets did not continue. But it is clear in practice how we approach our own writings; for though so long a time has now passed, no one has dared either to add to, or to take away from, or to alter them, but it is innate in all Jews, from their very birth, to regard them as the decrees of God, and to abide by them, and, if need be, to die for them gladly.' 3.10.6 And let these things from the writer be usefully cited here. And another not ignoble work was composed by the man, On the Supremacy of Reason, which some have entitled Maccabees because it contains the struggles of those in the so-called Maccabean writings who acted manfully for piety towards the divine 3.10.7 of the Hebrews, and at the end of the twentieth book of the Antiquities the same man indicates that he had intended to write in four books about the ancestral beliefs of the Jews concerning God and His essence, and concerning the laws, why according to them some things are permitted to be done, but others are forbidden, and the same man mentions in his own 3.10.8 discourses that other things also were studied by him. In addition to these it is reasonable to recount also the words he sets down at the very end of the Antiquities, in confirmation of the testimony we have taken from him. Indeed, slandering Justus of Tiberias, who like him had attempted to write a history of the same period, on the grounds that he had not written the truth, and after bringing many other charges against the man, he adds these words: 3.10.9 'But I have not feared for my own writing in the same way as you; rather, I have given the books to the emperors themselves, when the deeds were all but still in sight; for I was conscious of having preserved the tradition of the truth, for which I expected to obtain testimony 3.10.10 and was not disappointed. And I have given the history to many others also, some of whom had even participated in the war, such as King Agrippa and some of his relatives. 3.10.11 For the emperor Titus so wished that the knowledge of the events should be handed down to men from these books alone, that he signed the books with his own hand and ordered them to be published; and King Agrippa wrote 62 letters, testifying to the tradition of the truth.' From which he also quotes two. But let the matters concerning him be thus declared in some way; let us go on to what follows. 3.11.1 After the martyrdom of James and the capture of Jerusalem which immediately followed, tradition has it that those of the apostles and of the disciples of the Lord that were still left alive came together from all directions with those who were related to the Lord according to the flesh (for many of them also were still alive then), and they all took counsel together as to whom they ought to adjudge worthy of the succession of James, and indeed they all with one mind chose Symeon, the son of Clopas, whom the writing of the gospel also mentions, the

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συντάξαντα λόγον, πεποίηται καὶ πρὸς ἄλλους, οἳ διαβάλλειν καὶ αὐτοὶ τὰ πάτρια τοῦ Ἰου3.9.5 δαίων ἔθνους ἐπειράθησαν. τούτων ἐν τῷ προτέρῳ τὸν ἀριθμὸν τῆς λεγομένης παλαιᾶς τῶν ἐνδιαθήκων γραφῶν τίθησι, τίνα τὰ παρ' Ἑβραίοις ἀναντίρρητα, ὡς ἂν ἐξ ἀρχαίας παραδόσεως αὐτοῖς ῥήμασι διὰ τούτων διδάσκων· 3.10.1 «Οὐ μυριάδες οὖν βιβλίων εἰσὶ παρ' ἡμῖν ἀσυμφώνων καὶ μαχομένων, δύο δὲ μόνα πρὸς τοῖς εἴκοσι βιβλία, τοῦ παντὸς ἔχοντα χρόνου τὴν ἀναγραφήν, τὰ δικαίως θεῖα πεπιστευμένα. 3.10.2 καὶ τούτων πέντε μέν ἐστιν Μωυσέως, ἃ τούς τε νόμους περιέχει καὶ τὴν τῆς ἀνθρωπογονίας παράδοσιν μέχρι τῆς αὐτοῦ τελευ3.10.3 τῆς· οὗτος ὁ χρόνος ἀπολείπει τρισχιλίων ὀλίγον ἐτῶν· ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς Μωυσέως τελευτῆς μέχρι τῆς Ἀρταξέρξου τοῦ μετὰ Ξέρξην Περσῶν βασιλέως οἱ μετὰ Μωυσῆν προφῆται τὰ κατ' αὐτοὺς πραχθέντα συνέγραψαν ἐν τρισὶν καὶ δέκα βιβλίοις· αἱ δὲ λοιπαὶ τέσσαρες ὕμνους εἰς τὸν θεὸν καὶ τοῖς ἀνθρώποις 3.10.4 ὑποθήκας τοῦ βίου περιέχουσιν. ἀπὸ δὲ Ἀρταξέρξου μέχρι 3.10.4 τοῦ καθ' ἡμᾶς χρόνου γέγραπται μὲν ἕκαστα, πίστεως δ' οὐχ ὁμοίας ἠξίωται τοῖς πρὸ αὐτῶν διὰ τὸ μὴ γενέσθαι τὴν τῶν 3.10.5 προφητῶν ἀκριβῆ διαδοχήν. δῆλον δ' ἐστὶν ἔργῳ πῶς ἡμεῖς πρόσιμεν τοῖς ἰδίοις γράμμασιν· τοσούτου γὰρ αἰῶνος ἤδη παρῳχηκότος οὔτε προσθεῖναί τις οὔτε ἀφελεῖν ἀπ' αὐτῶν οὔτε μεταθεῖναι τετόλμηκεν, πᾶσι δὲ σύμφυτόν ἐστιν εὐθὺς ἐκ πρώτης γενέσεως Ἰουδαίοις τὸ νομίζειν αὐτὰ θεοῦ δόγματα καὶ τούτοις ἐπιμένειν καὶ ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν, εἰ δέοι, θνῄσκειν ἡδέως». 3.10.6 καὶ ταῦτα δὲ τοῦ συγγραφέως χρησίμως ὧδε παρατεθείσθω. πεπόνηται δὲ καὶ ἄλλο οὐκ ἀγεννὲς σπούδασμα τῷ ἀνδρί, Περὶ αὐτοκράτορος λογισμοῦ, ὅ τινες Μακκαβαϊκὸν ἐπέγραψαν τῷ τοὺς ἀγῶνας τῶν ἐν τοῖς οὕτω καλουμένοις Μακκαβαϊκοῖς συγγράμμασιν ὑπὲρ τῆς εἰς τὸ θεῖον εὐσεβείας ἀνδρισαμένων 3.10.7 Ἑβραίων περιέχειν, καὶ πρὸς τῷ τέλει δὲ τῆς εἰκοστῆς Ἀρχαιολογίας ἐπισημαίνεται ὁ αὐτὸς ὡς ἂν προῃρημένος ἐν τέτταρσιν συγγράψαι βιβλίοις κατὰ τὰς πατρίους δόξας τῶν Ἰουδαίων περὶ θεοῦ καὶ τῆς οὐσίας αὐτοῦ καὶ περὶ τῶν νόμων, διὰ τί κατ' αὐτοὺς τὰ μὲν ἔξεστι πράττειν, τὰ δὲ κεκώλυται, καὶ ἄλλα δὲ αὐτῷ σπουδασθῆναι ὁ αὐτὸς ἐν τοῖς ἰδίοις αὐτοῦ μνημονεύει 3.10.8 λόγοις. πρὸς τούτοις εὔλογον καταλέξαι καὶ ἃς ἐπ' αὐτοῦ τῆς Ἀρχαιολογίας τοῦ τέλους φωνὰς παρατέθειται, εἰς πίστωσιν τῆς τῶν ἐξ αὐτοῦ παραληφθέντων ἡμῖν μαρτυρίας. διαβάλλων δῆτα Ἰοῦστον Τιβεριέα, ὁμοίως αὐτῷ τὰ κατὰ τοὺς αὐτοὺς ἱστορῆσαι χρόνους πεπειραμένον, ὡς μὴ τἀληθῆ συγγεγραφότα, πολλάς τε ἄλλας εὐθύνας ἐπαγαγὼν τῷ ἀνδρί, ταῦτα αὐτοῖς ῥήμασιν ἐπιλέγει· 3.10.9 «οὐ μὴν ἐγώ σοι τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον περὶ τῆς ἐμαυτοῦ γραφῆς ἔδεισα, ἀλλ' αὐτοῖς ἐπέδωκα τοῖς αὐτοκράτορσι τὰ βιβλία, μόνον οὐ τῶν ἔργων ἤδη βλεπομένων· συνῄδειν γὰρ ἐμαυτῷ τετηρηκότι τὴν τῆς ἀληθείας παράδοσιν, ἐφ' ᾗ μαρτυρίας τεύ3.10.10 ξεσθαι προσδοκήσας οὐ διήμαρτον. καὶ ἄλλοις δὲ πολλοῖς ἐπέδωκα τὴν ἱστορίαν, ὧν ἔνιοι καὶ παρατετεύχεσαν τῷ πολέμῳ, καθάπερ βασιλεὺς Ἀγρίππας καί τινες αὐτοῦ τῶν συγγενῶν. 3.10.11 ὁ μὲν γὰρ αὐτοκράτωρ Τίτος οὕτως ἐκ μόνων αὐτῶν ἐβουλήθη τὴν γνῶσιν τοῖς ἀνθρώποις παραδοῦναι τῶν πράξεων, ὥστε χαράξας τῇ αὐτοῦ χειρὶ τὰ βιβλία δημοσιῶσαι προσέταξεν, ὁ δὲ βασιλεὺς Ἀγρίππας ξβʹ ἔγραψεν ἐπιστολάς, τῇ τῆς ἀληθείας παραδόσει μαρτυρῶν». ἀφ' ὧν καὶ δύο παρατίθησιν. ἀλλὰ τὰ μὲν κατὰ τοῦτον ταύτῃ πῃ δεδηλώσθω· ἴωμεν δ' ἐπὶ τὰ ἑξῆς. 3.11.1 Μετὰ τὴν Ἰακώβου μαρτυρίαν καὶ τὴν αὐτίκα γενομένην ἅλωσιν τῆς Ἱερουσαλὴμ λόγος κατέχει τῶν ἀποστόλων καὶ τῶν τοῦ κυρίου μαθητῶν τοὺς εἰς ἔτι τῷ βίῳ λειπομένους ἐπὶ ταὐτὸν πανταχόθεν συνελθεῖν ἅμα τοῖς πρὸς γένους κατὰ σάρκα τοῦ κυρίου πλείους γὰρ καὶ τούτων περιῆσαν εἰς ἔτι τότε τῷ βίῳ, βουλήν τε ὁμοῦ τοὺς πάντας περὶ τοῦ τίνα χρὴ τῆς Ἰακώβου διαδοχῆς ἐπικρῖναι ἄξιον, ποιήσασθαι, καὶ δὴ ἀπὸ μιᾶς γνώμης τοὺς πάντας Συμεῶνα τὸν τοῦ Κλωπᾶ, οὗ καὶ ἡ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου μνημονεύει γραφή, τοῦ