GREGORY PALAMAS' TWO APODEICTIC TREATISES CONCERNING THE PROCESSION OF THE HOLY SPIRIT
mind, and that the Spirit proceeds from another because of your ignorance concerning 'alone'?
It is said and not from Him, but with Him, begotten from the Father, and the Spirit proceeds.
Holy Spirit. But those who connect or make pretexts first refute each,
Sixth Inscription. Since there are some who say that 'proceeds' and 'is poured forth' and
EPISTLE 1 TO AKINDYNOS (p. 398)
the Holy Spirit? I do not think so, unless he clearly wishes to fight against God. But, he says, the Spirit is also called of the Son Himself and His own. "For God has sent forth," says the Apostle, "the Spirit of his Son into our hearts, crying, Abba, Father."
Excellent; for having left out the "from," you, whoever you are, the recent opponent, now propose to us the "of him" without it; or is "from him" newly conceived and constructed for you out of "of him," by the dialectic of the incomprehensible? Tell me, are you not of yourself? This, I think, you will evade from us. For you do not seem to me to have heard him who says, "become your own man." For if you had heard and obeyed, you would have loved the traditions concerning God and things beyond man, both in words and deeds, and you would have least of all attempted to innovate these things. But if man is of himself, then man is from himself according to you. But why do we not say the Son of the Spirit, he says, with good reason: for the Spirit would seem to be the Father, since the Son brings the Father to mind; for this reason, therefore, we do not say Son of the Spirit, lest he seem to be from the Spirit, but we do say Spirit of the Son, but not for this reason also from the Son; for he is called his Spirit, not as being from him, but as being in him.
(σελ. 238) And learn this from the apostle, who says, "no one knows the things of a man except the spirit of the man which is in him"; as therefore the spirit is called of man, but not as from man, but as being in man, so also the divine Spirit is called of the Son, but not as from the Son, but as being in the Son by nature from eternity and escaping what seem to you to be the inescapable necessities of syllogisms.
For he who thinks in the Latin manner, reasoning from a disjunction, says: "since the Spirit is of the Son, he is either as bestowed through him, or as consubstantial, or as proceeding from him. And he is not as bestowed; for the Spirit of the Son exists pre-eternally, but being bestowed is of a later origin. Nor as consubstantial; for then the Son would also be said to be of the Spirit. It remains, therefore, that the Spirit is and is said to be of the Son as proceeding from him." What then, if something should appear outside this disjunction, according to which the Spirit might be said to be of the Son, would not this hypothetical syllogism of yours from a disjunction become altogether unsyllogistic?
For the Spirit is of the Son as proceeding from the Father from ages and unto ages and naturally existing and reposing in the Son; and for this reason he is called the Spirit of the Son, but he is not said to be from the Son. For the mind of man also came to be from God and exists in him, that is, in man; and he is called the mind of man, but man is not called of the mind; but neither is the mind said to be from man, at least according to substance; for the discussion is not now about energy. Therefore the Spirit is not from the Son, unless you should call grace and energy Spirit; for the mind also, when the name signifies the energy, you might say is from man, as being manifested and imparted.
And one might see the theologians also saying that the Holy Spirit is the mind of Christ; for the divine Cyril (σελ. 240) in the fourth chapter of his Thesauri says, "that being the mind of Christ, he discusses all things in him with the disciples." Just as, therefore, in our case the mind is of man both according to substance and according to energy, and according to substance the mind is of him, but not from him, but according to energy it is both of him and from him, so also the Holy Spirit is of Christ as God both according to substance and according to energy. But according to substance and hypostasis he is of him, but not from him; but according to energy he is both of him and from him. But the Latins, by saying the Spirit is of the Son, but not also that he is of the Son, but not from the Son, abolish the very
τό Πνεῦμα τό ἅγιον; Οὐκ ἔγωγε οἶμαι, εἰ μή σαφῶς ἐθέλει θεομαχεῖν. Ἀλλά καί αὐτοῦ, φησί, τοῦ Υἱοῦ τό Πνεῦμα καί ἴδιον αὐτοῦ λέγεται. «Ἐξαπέστειλε γάρ ὁ Θεός», φησίν, ὁ ἀπόστολος, «τό Πνεῦμα τοῦ Υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ἡμῶν, κρᾶζον˙ ἀββά, ὁ Πατήρ».
Ὑπέρευγε˙ τήν "ἐξ" γάρ ἀφείς, σύγε ὅς τίς ποτ᾿ εἶ ὁ πρόσφατος ἀντικείμενος, τό αὐτοῦ νῦν ἡμῖν προβάλλῃ ταύτης χωρίς˙ ἤ σοι κἀκ τοῦ αὐτοῦ τό ἐξ αὐτοῦ νεοεῖταί τε καί κατασκευάζεται, τῷ διαλεκτικῷ τῶν ἀπερινοήτων; Εἰπέ δή μοι, καί σύ αὐτός οὐ σαυτοῦ; Τοῦτό γε, οἶμαι, ἀποδράσεις ἡμῶν. Οὐ γάρ ἔοικάς μοι ἀκοῦσαι τοῦ λέγοντος, «γενοῦ σεαυτοῦ ἄνθρωπε». Εἰ γάρ ἤκουσας καί ὑπήκουσας, ἔστεργες ἄν τά παραδεδομένα περί Θεοῦ καί τοῖς ὑπέρ ἄνθρωπον καί λόγοις καί πράγμασι, καί ταῦτα καινοτομῶν, ἥκιστα ἐπεχείρησας. Ἀλλ᾿ εἰ ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἑαυτοῦ, οὐκοῦν ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἐξ ἑαυτοῦ κατά σέ. Τόν Υἱόν δέ τοῦ Πνεύματος πῶς οὐ λέγομεν, φησίν, εἰκότως˙ δόξαι γάρ ἄν Πατήρ τό Πνεῦμα, τοῦ Υἱοῦ συνεισάγοντος τῇ διανοίᾳ τόν Πατέρα˙ διά τοῦτο τοίνυν Υἱόν μέν Πνεύματος οὐ λέγομεν, ἵνα μή δόξῃ ἐκ τοῦ Πνεύματος, Υἱοῦ δέ Πνεῦμα λέγομεν, ἀλλ᾿ οὐ παρά τοῦτο καί ἐκ τοῦ Υἱοῦ˙ Πνεῦμα γάρ αὐτοῦ λέγεται, οὐχ ὡς ἐξ αὐτοῦ, ἀλλ᾿ ὡς ἐν αὐτῷ ὄν.
(σελ. 238) Καί τοῦτο διδάσκου παρά τοῦ ἀποστόλου, «οὐδείς οἶδε, λέγοντος, τά τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, εἰ μή τό Πνεῦμα τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τό ἐν αὐτῷ»˙ ὡς οὖν Πνεῦμα μέν ἀνθρώπου λέγεται, ἀλλ᾿ οὐχ ὡς ἐκ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, ἀλλ᾿ ὡς ἐν τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ ὄν, οὕτω καί τό θεῖον Πνεῦμα καλεῖται τοῦ Υἱοῦ, ἀλλ᾿ οὐχ ὡς ἐκ τοῦ Υἱοῦ, ἀλλ᾿ ὡς ἐν τῷ Υἱῷ φυσικῶς ἐξ ἀϊδίου ὄν καί τάς ἀφύκτους δοκούσας σοι τῶν συλλογισμῶν ἀνάγκας διαφεῦγον.
Ἐκ διαιρέσεως γάρ ὁ λατινικῶς φρονῶν συλλογιζόμενος φησι˙ «ἐπεί τοῦ Υἱοῦ ἐστι τό Πνεῦμα, ἤ ὡς δι᾿ αὐτοῦ χορηγούμενόν ἐστιν ἤ ὡς ὁμοούσιον ἤ ὡς ἐξ αὐτοῦ ἐκπορευόμενον. Καί ὡς μέν χορηγούμενον οὐκ ἔστι˙ προαιωνίως μέν γάρ ὑπάρχει τοῦ Υἱοῦ τό Πνεῦμα, τό δέ χορηγεῖσθαι ὑστερογενές. Οὐδ᾿ ὡς ὁμοούσιον˙ λέγοιτο γάρ ἄν καί ὁ Υἱός τοῦ Πνεύματος. Λείπεται τοίνυν τοῦ Υἱοῦ τό Πνεῦμα εἶναί τε καί λέγεσθαι ὡς ἐξ αὐτοῦ ἐκπορευόμενον». Τί οὖν, ἐάνπερ ἀναφανῇ τι ταύτης τῆς διαιρέσεως ἐκτός, καθ᾿ ὅ τοῦ Υἱοῦ τό Πνεῦμα λέγοιτ᾿ ἄν, οὐχ ὁ ἐκ διαιρέσεως οὗτός σοι καθ᾿ ὑπόθεσιν συλλογισμός ἀσυλλόγιστος τό παράπαν γένοιτ᾿ ἄν;
Ἔστι γάρ τοῦ Υἱοῦ τό Πνεῦμα ὡς ἐξ αἰώνων καί εἰς αἰῶνας ἐκ τοῦ Πατρός ἐκπορευόμενον καί ἐν Υἱῷ φυσικῶς ὑπάρχον καί ἀναπαυόμενον˙ καί διά τοῦτο Πνεῦμα μέν Υἱοῦ λέγεται, ἐκ δέ τοῦ Υἱοῦ οὐ λέγεται. Καί ὁ νοῦς γάρ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἐκ τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐστι γενόμενος καί ἐν αὐτῷ ὑπάρχων, δηλονότι τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ˙ καί νοῦς μέν ἀνθρώπου λέγεται, ἄνθρωπος δέ τοῦ νοῦ οὐ λέγεται˙ ἀλλ᾿ οὐδ᾿ ἐξ ἀνθρώπου λέγεται ὁ νοῦς, ὅ γε κατ᾿ οὐσίαν˙ οὐ γάρ δή περί ἐνεργείας νῦν ὁ λόγος. Οὐκ ἄρα ἐκ τοῦ Υἱοῦ ἐστι τό Πνεῦμα, εἰ μή τήν χάριν εἴπῃς Πνεῦμα καί τήν ἐνέργειαν˙ καί τόν νοῦν γάρ, ὅταν τήν ἐνέργειαν σημαίνῃ τοὔνομα, φαίῃς ἄν ἐκ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, ὡς ἐκφαινόμενός τε καί μεταδιδόμενον.
Ἴδοι δ᾿ ἄν τις τούς θεολόγους καί νοῦν λέγοντας εἶναι Χριστοῦ τό Πνεῦμα τό ἅγιον˙ ὁ γάρ θεῖος Κύριλλος (σελ. 240) ἐν τετάρτῳ κεφαλαίῳ τῶν Θησαυρῶν φησιν, «ὅτι νοῦς ὑπάρχον τοῦ Χριστοῦ, πάντα τά ἐν αὐτῷ διαλέγεται τοῖς μαθηταῖς». Καθάπερ οὖν ἐφ᾿ ἡμῶν ὁ νοῦς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἐστί καί κατ᾿ οὐσίαν καί κατ᾿ ἐνέργειαν, καί κατ᾿ οὐσίαν μέν αὐτοῦ ἐστιν ὁ νοῦς, ἀλλ᾿ οὐκ ἐξ αὐτοῦ, κατ᾿ ἐνέργειαν δέ καί αὐτοῦ ἐστι καί ἐξ αὐτοῦ, οὕτω καί τό Πνεῦμα τό ἅγιον τοῦ Χριστοῦ ἐστιν ὡς Θεοῦ καί κατ᾿ οὐσίαν καί κατ᾿ ἐνέργειαν. Ἀλλά κατά μέν τήν οὐσίαν καί τήν ὑπόστασιν αὐτοῦ ἐστιν, ἀλλ᾿ οὐκ ἐξ αὐτοῦ˙ κατά δέ τήν ἐνέργειαν καί αὐτοῦ ἐστιν καί ἐξ αὐτοῦ. Λατῖνοι δέ τοῦ Υἱοῦ τό Πνεῦμα λέγοντες, ἀλλ᾿ οὐχί καί τοῦ Υἱοῦ μέν, οὐκ ἐκ τοῦ Υἱοῦ δέ, αὐτήν ἀναιροῦσί τε